A b s t r a c t. Field experiments was conducted to determine the best irrigation scheduling and the proper period for injecting fertilizers through drip irrigation water in a sandy soil to optimize maize yield and water productivity. Four irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) of the crop evapotranspiration and two fertigation periods (applying the recommended fertilizer dose in 60 and 80% of the irrigation time) were applied in a split-plot design, in addition to a control treatment which represented conventional irrigation and fertilization of maize in the studied area. The results showed that increasing the irrigation water amount and the fertilizer application period increased vegetative growth and yield. The highest grain yield and the lowest one were obtained under the treatment at 1.2 and of 0.6 crop evapotranspiration, respectively. The treatment at 0.8 crop evapotranspiration with fertilizer application in 80% of the irrigation time gave the highest water productivity (1.631 kg m -3 ) and saved 27% of the irrigation water compared to the control treatment. Therefore, this treatment is recommended to irrigate maize crops because of the water scarcity conditions of the studied area.
Effective intercropping pattern, use of highly efficient irrigation system and proper irrigation scheduling are one of the current challenges in agriculture sector for saving water, maximizing crop production and economic benefits. Thus, a two-year field experiment was conducted at Ismailia Research Station (30o 35' N latitude, 30o 26' E longitude, 20.0m above MSL), Egypt during the two growing seasons of 2016 and 2017 to study the effect of three irrigation treatments (1.2, 1.0 and 0.8 ETo calculated by the BIS model) and five peanut/sunflower intercropping patterns ((P1 = 100% peanut + 25 % sunflower), (P2 = 100% peanut + 33% sunflower), (P3 = 100% peanut + 50% sunflower), (P4 = sole peanut), and (P5 = sole sunflower)) on yield and its components of both crops, applied irrigation water, consumptive use, land and water productivity and net income. The experimental layout was designed in strip plot with three replicates. The results indicated that light intensity percentage significantly decreased with the 1.2 ETo treatment. The highest values of growth and yield of pod, seed and oil of peanut and sunflower were detected with the application of 1.2 ETo. Intercropping sunflower with peanut significantly reduced the yield of both crops in both seasons. However, intercropping sunflower at low density (P1) recorded the maximum values for yield and yield components of peanut, compared to the P2 and P3 treatments. The highest values of applied water (451 and 439mm) and consumptive use (403 and 415mm) were obtained in the first and second growing seasons, respectively when P3 (100% P + 50% S) was irrigated with 1.2 of ETo. Intercropping sunflower with peanut increased water use efficiency (kg/mm or cereal unit/mm) compared with sole crop. The average of water equivalent ratio was highest (1.255) produced with P3 under 1.0 ETo treatment, as average of both growing seasons. The maximum value of land equivalent ratio (1.569) and net income (L.E. 22589/ha) were recorded with P3 intercropping pattern irrigated with 1.2 of ETo treatment, on average basis of both growing seasons. Sunflower was the dominant component for the all intercropping systems, while peanut was the dominated crop. Thus, we recommend the implementation of P3 intercropping system, namely 100% peanut + 50% sunflower irrigated with 1.2 of ETo to increase land productivity in sandy soil under sprinkler irrigation or with 1.0 of ETo to save on the applied irrigation water, with yield lose were low. Under severe drought conditions, we recommended application of 0.8 ETo.
Climate change scenarios require reconsidering different agricultural practices including sowing dates and irrigation intervals. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr-Elsheikh Governorate during the successive winter seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to investigate the impact of deficit water irrigation and sowing dates on wheat crop productivity(Triticum aestivum L.). The experimental site located at latitude of 30˚: 37͞ N, longitude of 31 ˚ -57͞ E, and altitude of +6 meters above the sea level. The experimental design was splitplot with three replicates. The main plot was assigned to sowing dates of 15 th November (S 1 ) , 30 th November (S 2 ) and 15 th December (S 3 ), while the sub plot was assigned to irrigation treatments i.e. I 1 (given four irrigations plus the sowing irrigation, I 2 (given three irrigations following the sowing irrigation) and I 3 (given two irrigations after the sowing irrigation). The highest mean values of water applied (Wa) and consumptive use (CU) were 613.6 and 485.6 mm under treatment S 1 I 1 , respectively. While the corresponding lowest mean values were 363.3 and 310.4 mm under treatment S 3 I 3 . The highest contribution percentages of rainfall to water applied (Wa) were 46.6% and 38.4 % for treatments S 3 I 3 under third sowing date in the first season. While, in the second season were 43.4% and 35.7% for treatments S 2 I 3 under the two sowing date, respectively. The lowest contribution percentages were 27.3%, 31.7 % and 27.8% , 32.4% for treatment S 1 I 1 under first sowing date in two seasons. Moreover, the highest mean values of grain water productively (WP g ), straw water productively (WP s ) were recorded under S 1 and I 3 in the first season with values of 1.47, 1.48, 2.27 and 2.19 kg m -3 , respectively. While in the second season the highest values were recorded under S 2 and I 3 with values 1.7, 1.59, 2.31 and 2.41 kg m -3 , respectively. The highest mean values of productivity of water applied for grain and straw (PWag , PWas ) were recorded under S 2 , I 3 , in two growing seasons with
The effect of fertigation regimes on wheat grown in sandy soil was tested in two field experiments in Egypt. The aim of the study was to determine the vulnerability of wheat to extreme weather event under climate change scenarios. Eight fertigation treatments, in addition to farmer irrigation were tested. Two climate change scenarios obtained from Hadley climate change model were incorporated in CropSyst model to assess wheat yield responses to fertigation regimes under these scenarios. The results showed that the highest yield and the highest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained under irrigation application using 1.2 and 0.8 of Etc, respectively, with fertigation application in 80% of application time in both growing seasons. The calibration of CropSyst model confirmed that the model is able to mimic the growth of wheat and predicted grain, biological yield, and WUE with high degree of accuracy. The highest yield reduction and the lowest WUE under the tested climate change scenarios were obtained from farmer irrigation. It can be concluded that irrigating wheat grown in sandy soil with an amount of either 1.0 or 0.8 of ETc with fertigation application in 80% of application time is recommended to enhance growth and yield, and to reduce wheat's damage caused by extreme climate change.
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