Doctors without anatomy are like a blind that deceives the road in the desert. Traditionalists perceive a decline in Anatomy knowledge and attribute it to the modern methods of teaching and learning. Reformers point to evidence that modern approaches offer equivalent results in assessment when compared to traditional courses. It seems that there are three aspects that need to be resolved: when, how much, and how to teach anatomy. In this study we reviewed more than 80 articles to conclude some guidelines which can help in improving anatomy learning outcomes in different medical curricula. Conclusions: We concluded that the challenge should not be to determine supremacy of one methodology over another but to maximize the learning benefit available from the different methods. In any model of medical curricula, a professional team of medical anatomists have to share in all the steps of curriculum building, the assessment tools and the final evaluation till the approval of the curriculum to: 1-Ensure that all the basic anatomical objectives are chronologically arranged and sufficiently covered in a suitable time and methodology without inflation of the curriculum by more sophisticated details which taught only for the postgraduate students and medical anatomists. 2-Prevent any restriction of important basic knowledge which will not be covered later on and will affect the physician medical practice. 3-Ensure that all the basic anatomical objectives are demonstrated with their clinical application without the sophisticated details of the clinical points which will be taught in details in the clinical years.
The gingival complex plays a vital role in the overall esthetics of a smile. Melanin, a brown pigment, is the most common natural pigment contributing to endogenous pigmentation of the gingiva. For depigmentation of gingiva different treatment modalities have been reported like bur abrasion, scraping, partial thickness flap, cryotherapy, electrosurgery and laser but repigmentation of the melanin pigment after surgical procedure is noted and considered in a high percentage. The present article describes and discusses one case of gingival melanin pigmentation, a 23-year-old female, who is medically fit and free of any systemic condition, complaining of dark pigmented gingivae. The CO 2 laser device (OpusDuo Aqualite EC Lumens group of companies Germany) was used for treatment delivered in the present case. The clinical view 6 months after the treatment shows healthy gingival color. Conclusion: Treatment of hyperpigmentation by CO 2 laser radiation in a defocused mode was found to be a safe, effective procedure and easy to perform. Postoperative patient satisfaction in term of esthetics and pain was excellent. The gingivae healed uneventfully and completely regenerated with no infection or scarring. No repigmentation occurred after 6 months period. Based on these observations, CO 2 laser is a good treatment choice for gingival depigmentation.
The form and size of the human mandible is subject to considerable variation from the accepted normal. One of the more interesting and rewarding aspects of oral surgery is the operative correction of the Mandibular abnormalities, the category of malformation into which the mandibular deformity falls. In this study we reviewed more than 30 articles to clarify the mandibular prognathism with its effects. Conclusion: Awareness of the normal and abnormal variations of the mandibular anatomy with their causes, deferential diagnosis, prognosis and complications especially mandibular prognathism is very important for the maxillo-facial surgeon to achieve a suitable decision during treatment.
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