Background:Bovine colostrum (BC) has direct antimicrobial and endotoxin-neutralizing effects throughout the alimentary tract, as well as other bioactivities that suppress gut inflammation and promote mucosal integrity and tissue repair under various conditions related to tissue injury. The precise role of BC in respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) infections in children is not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of BC administration in preventing recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and diarrhea in children.Methods:One hundred sixty children (aged 1–6 years) having recurrent episodes of URTI or diarrhea received BC for 4 weeks. The number of episodes of URTI, diarrhea, and frequency of hospitalization required for URTI and diarrhea occurring during the study period were assessed at weeks 8 and 24.Results:From a total number of 160 children, 81 patients (50.63%) were males. The mean age (± SD) was 3.65 (± 2.01) years. The mean (± SD) total number of infections was significantly decreased after BC therapy from 8.6 ± 5.1 at baseline to 5.5 ± 1.2 after 2 months (P < 0.001) and to 5.7 ± 1.6 after 6 months (P < 0.001). The mean (± SD) total number of URTI (P < 0.0001), number of episodes of diarrhea (P < 0.001), and number of hospital admissions (P < 0.001) were significantly decreased after BC therapy.Conclusion:BC is effective in the prophylaxis of recurrent URTI and diarrhea as it reduces the number of episodes and the hospitalization due to these infections. Results of this study suggest that BC could be provided as a therapeutic option for children with recurrent URTI and diarrhea.
Since James introduced the idea of an e-abacus diagram in 1978, this topic plays important roles with many topics, especially in algebra. In this paper, we will present new insights on this topic so that it appears to us as a graph theory; specifically a directed graph, according to certain conditions, to be a new start with another field. This proposed technique will be applied to the model that was approved by Mahmood and Mahmood in 2019 on English letters and to see how successful we are on Letter-Word-Sentence. It is completely natural that this method will have a new and very difficult method as an entrance to a new type of encryption process
Let G be a simple connected graph, the vertex-set and edge-set of G are denoted by V(G) and E(G), respectively.The molecular graph G, the vertices represent atoms and the edges represent bonds. In graph theory, we have many invariant polynomials and many invariant indices of a connected graph G. Topological indices based on the distance between the vertices of a connected graph are widely used in theoretical chemistry to establish relation between the structure and the properties of molecules. The coefficients of polynomials are also important in the knowledge some properties in application chemistry. The Schultz and modified Schultz polynomials, Schultz and modified Schultz indices and average distance of Schultz and modified Schultz of Cog-complete bipartite graphs are obtained in this paper.
In a connected graph , the distance function between each pair of two vertices from a set vertex is the shortest distance between them and the vertex degree denoted by is the number of edges which are incident to the vertex The Schultz and modified Schultz polynomials of are have defined as:
respectively, where the summations are taken over all unordered pairs of distinct vertices in and is the distance between and in The general forms of Schultz and modified Schultz polynomials shall be found and indices of the edge – identification chain and ring – square graphs in the present work.
The n-Hosoya Polynomials of cog-complete graphs , thorn cogcomplete graphs , cog-stars , thorn cog-stars , cog-wheels , and thorn cogwheels are obtained . The n-Wiener indices of these graphs are also determined .
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