Spectrum sensing plays a very important role in Cognitive Radio based Internet of Things (CR-IoT) networks for utilization of the licensed spectrum accurately. However, the performance of the conventional Energy Detector (ED) method is compromised in a noise-uncertain environment owing to interference constraints, i.e. the CR-IoT user interference with the licensed Primary User (PU) on the same licensed band. To overcome this drawback, we proposed an energy efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) for a CR-IoT network with interference constraints using a novel ED method. In this method, each CR-IoT user is capable of spectrum sensing that makes both the local decision and the weight factor based on the sequential approach; we calculate the weight factor against each CR-IoT user based on the Kullback Leibler Divergence award score. After the local decision and the weight factor are made, each CR-IoT user transmits its measured both the local decisions, and the weight factor to a Fusion Center (FC), which is made a final decision about the PU activities based on the hard fusion rule. The simulation results demonstrates that the proposed ED method obtains an improved detection performance, an enhanced sum rate, a spectral efficiency, an energy efficiency, and a lower global error probability when compared to other conventional ED methods under time varying environments.
Kekurangan ilmu pengetahuan dan sikap acuh tidak acuh terhadap keperluan rawatan terapi elektrokonvulsif (ECT) mempengaruhi rawatan psikiatri dari segi morbiditi dan mortaliti. Terdapat sedikit kajian sistematik yang dilaporkan mendalami bidang ini. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengetahuan, sikap dan kepatuhan dalam penggunaan ECT dari perspekstif pesakit dan ahli keluarga iaitu di Khartoum, Sudan. Kajian ini merupakan kajian pemerhatian berdasarkan hospital di mana 103 pesakit psikiatri dan ahli keluarga yang mendapatkan rawatan di Hospital Psikiatri Taha Basher and Eltigani Elmahi, Sudan pada 2016. Keduadua pesakit dan ahli keluarga ditemubual tentang pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap penggunaan ECT. Peratus skor dikira berdasarkan jawapan positif dengan mengira min daripada jawapan. Semua data dikira melalui soal-selidik secara 'pre-designed' dan seterusnya dianalisa secara statistik. Lelaki diwakili seramai 61 iaitu 59.2% di mana kumpulan pesakit adalah di antara 16-30 tahun. Skor keseluruhan terhadap penggunaan ECT pada para pesakit dan ahli keluarga adalah sebanyak 54.9%, dan 59.4%, masing-masing. Penerimaan penggunaan ECT sebagai perawatan dipersetujui sebanyak 43.7% oleh para pesakit dan melebihi 70% pesakit dan ahli keluarga percaya bahawa dengan memberi ECT untuk perawatan kes psikiatri. Para pakar psikiatri merupakan sumber utama informasi dilaporkan oleh pesakit (73.8%) dan ahli keluarga (67%). Para ahli keluarga yang terdiri dari lelaki menunjukkan sikap cenderung untuk mencadangkan perawatan ECT (p=0.004). Para pesakit dan ahli keluarga melaporkan pengetahuan dan sikap yang sederhana atau baik terhadap penggunaan ECT.
Background: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-secreting islet cells of the pancreas by several islet cell-specific autoantibodies that can be detected many months or years before the onset of diabetes. The presence of these antibodies can be attributed largely to environmental agents and also genetic factors. Knowing the frequency of these autoantibodies in a population is an important step for a better understanding, diagnosis and management of Type 1 diabetes. The aim of the research was to screen and identify those at greatest risk of diabetes (relatives of diabetic patients) early in life, as a precautionary step with the hope to deliver care in order to avoid the disease and its complications later in life. Method: The study was conducted on eighty-eight apparently healthy young and adolescent first-degree relatives of diabetic patients in Jos metropolis. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged and serum was aseptically separated within two hours. A commercial ELISA test kit -Medizym® anti-IA2 was used to determine the presence of anti-IA-2 autoantibodies in serum obtained from participants enrolled in the study. Results: The results obtained showed twelve participants of both sexes (13.64%) having positive titers of the IA-2 antibodies which were statistically significant. Conclusion:From the results, we conclude that with significant titers of the IA-2 antibodies among young adolescents, there is the likelihood of them developing diabetes later in life depending on the period of exposure to the factors responsible for triggering the autoimmune process. The results are hereby discussed and recommendations made.
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