Mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) technology is a fundamental element of the Internet of Things (IoT) in which hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes (SNs) are connected via wireless channels capable of providing a digital interface to real-life objects. Energy consumption, connectivity, scalability, and security are the main challenges in MWSN, and mobility increases the effort required to find an efficient routing protocol to improve the MWSN performance. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol based on the dual-tier clustering concept and virtual network zones to improve MWSN performance. The proposed protocol named "Dual Tier Cluster-Based Routing" (DTC-BR) divides the network area into virtual zones which a cluster-head mechanism selects the most appropriate SN to act as Cluster Head (CH). Furthermore, virtual zones are designed to cover the entire network area based on a dual-tier routing mechanism: the main connectivity zone (MCZ) and candidate cluster zone (CCZ). The DTC-BR protocol was deployed and assessed using MATLAB, assuming three levels: energy consumption, network lifetime, and scalability. The comparative results demonstrate the efficiency of DTC-BR, where the network lifetime increased by 6%, 21%, 25%, and 37% compared to state-of-the-art dynamic directional routing (DDR), mobility-aware centralised clustering algorithm (MCCA), low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-mobile energy efficient and connected (LEACH-MEEC), and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy mobile (LEACH-M) protocols, respectively. In addition, the simulation results show that DTC-BR is more efficient for large network sizes and a high number of SNs.INDEX TERMS Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN), cluster-based routing, Cluster Head (CH), virtual zone, energy-efficient
An All-Optical Network (AON) is a network where the user-network interface is optical and the data does undergo optical to electrical conversion within the network. AONs are attractive because they promise very high rates, flexible switching and broad application support. However optical performance monitoring and optical network management are essential in building a reliable, high-capacity, and service-differentiation enabled all-optical network. One of the serious problems with transparency is the fact that optical crosstalk is additive, and thus the aggregate effect of crosstalk over a whole AON may be more nefarious than a single point of crosstalk. Attacks can spread rapidly through the network, causing additional awkward failures and triggering multiple undesirable alarms, they must be detected and identified at any point in the network where they may occur. This results in the continuous monitoring and identification of the impairments becoming challenging in the event of transmission failures. However, a simple and reliable signal quality monitoring method does not exist at present. In this paper we present a new method for attack identification and localization in networks offering the benefit of relaxing the high cost and complexity.
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