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Background & Hepatitis B infection is a very serious public health problem. Perinatal vertical transmission is a common mode of transmission. Infants infected from their mothers will have a very high risk of developing chronic liver disease. Objective(s): To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and associated risk factors among pregnant females in Alexandria. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 354 pregnant females attending the antenatal care clinics of two gynecology and obstetrics governmental hospitals (with high attendees) in Alexandria. This study was carried out from May 2016 through February 2017. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic characteristics and possible risk factors. All pregnant women were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Samples positive for HBsAg were subjected to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg); both were carried out via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The prevalence of HBsAg was 3.39% (12/354) among studied pregnant females. All HBsAg positive subjects were HBeAg negative. There was no significant statistical association between HBsAg positivity and age, gestational age, history of blood transfusion, previous operation or contact with viral hepatitis infected patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in this study setting is intermediate (3.39%) according to the WHO criteria. HBsAg positivity was not significantly associated with the sociodemographic variables or the studied risk factors. Increasing awareness of HBV transmission and regular screening of pregnant women for HBsAg are recommended.

PGF(2alpha) analogues are promising drugs in inducing skin pigmentation. This effect can be enhanced with NB-UVB exposure.

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Background The natural history of priapism and predictors of erectile dysfunction (ED) remain vague due to defective reporting, different management techniques and variable follow-up durations. Acquiring more information concerning the prognosis of erectile function after priapism can help to assess the burden of post-priapism ED. Also, it may guide the decision-making process regarding penile prosthesis insertion in refractory and late post-priapism ED. In this study, we tried to evaluate the state of erectile function after recovery and how far penile implant surgery could be integrated in the early and late management of priapism-related ED. Methods We included 72 patients with low-flow priapism who were managed via a stepwise approach starting from aspiration through percutaneous distal shunt up to distal shunt. Immediate placement of a penile prosthesis was completed in eight refractory patients, including three that were inserted even before an open distal corporoglanular shunt. Results Nearly two-thirds (70.3%) of recovered priapism patients developed ED, but penile prostheses were inserted only in 35.5% of ED cases. There were no differences in the short- and long-term complications of immediate versus delayed prosthesis placement except for difficulty with the insertion of the penile prosthesis in delayed procedures. Conclusions Immediate placement of a penile prosthesis is a good treatment option in the setting of refractory priapism with comparable outcomes to those of patients with post-priapism ED who received prostheses. Immediate penile prosthesis insertion was further justified by the high incidence of post-priapism erectile dysfunction.

This technique offers a new methodology for an accurate numerical evaluation of epidermal melanization.