The present work aims to study forward osmosis process using different kinds of draw solutions and membranes. Three types of draw solutions (sodium chloride, sodium formate, and sodium acetate) were used in forward osmosis process to evaluate their effectiveness with respect to water flux and reverse salt flux. Experiments conducted in a laboratory-scale forward osmosis (FO) unit in cross flow flat sheet membrane cell. Three types of membranes (Thin film composite (TFC), Cellulose acetate (CA), and Cellulose triacetate (CTA)) were used to determine the water flux under osmotic pressure as a driving force. The effect of temperature, draw solution concentration, feed and draw solution flow rate, and membrane types, were studied with respect to water flux. The results showed an increase in water flux with increasing feed temperature and draw solution concentrations In addition, the flux increased with increasing feed flow rate while the flux was inversely proportional with the draw solution flow rate. The results showed that reverse osmosis membranes (TFC and CA) are not suitable for using in FO process due to the relatively obtained low water flux when compared with the flux obtained by forward osmosis membrane (CTA). NaCl draw solution gave higher water flux than other draw solutions and at the same time, revealed higher reverse salt flux.
In this work, microbial fuel cell (MFC) design of five chambers was used to investigate the effect of four types of membranes which are cation exchange membrane (CEM), Cellulose Triacetate membrane (CTA), thin film composite membrane (TFC), and proton exchange membrane (PEM). To study the influence of the membrane type on the cathode performance, the four cathode chambers were filled with 20 g/l NaCl catholyte and the sodium acetate of 1.5 g/l was supplied to the central chamber as anolyte. The results revealed that the membrane proton selectivity plays an important role in the cathodic reduction reaction for electrical generation and water production. It was observed that the PEM has a significant effect on the power generation with a maximum power density of 20.492 mW/m 2 with water production of 4.21 g/day. Whereas the competition of the other cations to the proton transfer was clearly observed by using the CTA membrane with power production of 12.646 mW/m 2 , and the abundance of the water production of 178.16 g/day was attributed to the water transport across the CTA membrane. For studying the influence of the membrane type on the anode performance, the sodium acetate of 1.5 g/l was supplied to the four chambers as an anolyte at a flow rate of 0.0272 cm 3 /sec and the central chamber were filled with 20 g/l NaCl catholyte. The salt reverse transfer from the cathode chamber to the anode chamber across the CTA membrane contributed to increasing the anolyte electrical conductivity and consequently increased the power production to 12.555 mW/m 2 . Meanwhile, the effect of the proton selectivity and the electrical resistance of the other membrane were observed in the other chambers. Thus, the usage of CEM, TFC, and PEM produced electrical power of 6.751, 3.004, and 9.712 mW/m 2 respectively.
The present work aims to study the treatment of oily wastewater by means of forward osmosis membrane bioreactor process. Side stream (external) configuration and submerged (internal) configuration of osmotic membrane bioreactor were performed and investigated. The experimental work for each configuration was carried out continuously over 21 days. The flux behavior of forward osmosis membrane in an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) was investigated, using NaCl as the draw solution and CTA as FO membrane. The effect of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration and TDS accumulation of bioreactor on water flux and membrane fouling behaviors was detected. The accumulation and rejection of nutrients in the bioreactor (Nitrate, COD, and Phosphate) were investigated over the days of the experiment. Water flux and membrane fouling were not significantly affected by MLSS concentration at low level and this effect increase with increasing MLSS concentration (4000–10000 mg/L). Besides, water flux was severely affected by elevated salinity of the aeration tank. OMBR showed high removal of COD (96%) and FO membrane revealed high retention of phosphate (97%) but retention for nitrate was relatively low (72%). The sparingly soluble salts in the influent, bioreactor, draw solution, and RO effluent were detected through the experiment. The results showed flux decline with time to about 47% from the initial flux and two osmotic backwashing were applied at day 7 and 14 during the operation and the flux restored approximately 30% of its loss. Side stream and submerged configurations revealed nearly similar response over the experiments while side stream module showed better water flux (7.0 LMH) than submerged (6.1 LMH). The results showed that the concentration of inorganic ions is below the limits that may cause severe scaling.
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