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By increasing worldwide energy demand and reducing reserves, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from current fields has become more and more important. Moving from polymer to surfactant flooding, Chemical EOR has been considered an expensive method, and field applications have been decreased during the past two decades. Currently with the advent of nanotechnology, nanomaterials has been created and proposed to be used for EOR. Different nano materials with different sizes have been proposed. Among the various nano-material used for EOR applications, nano-silica with different sizes has been suggested.In this paper, a ball milling attritor has been used to produce nano silica from white sand. By operating the attritor for a different time, different sized formed. Four different sizes have been created after 5, 10, 15, and 25 hours milling. The size and shape of the powder particles were examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) while their microanalysis was performed by energy dispersive system (EDS). The prepared nano particles were found 140, 122, 100, and 87 nm after 5, 10, 15, and 25 hours of milling respectively. Several flooding scenarios have been tried to identify potential applications that will benefit upstream sector and oil recovery. A base run with water flooding (WF) was performed. The ultimate recovery factor by WF was found 67%. The ultimate recovery factors have been measured for these four nano materials and they are ranging from 65% to 77 %. To combine chemical EOR and nano materials, a mixture of nano material (87-nm) and polymer (xanthan gum) has been used as well, and its recovery factor is found 80%. The mechanisms of this development in the recovery has been explained. This paper summarizes new findings from several different experimental runs which shows the effectiveness of the nano silica particles for improving oil recovery over the traditional methods. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from this work can be used to improve and narrow the range of nano-size applications for improving the recovery factors and proposed a roadmap for ongoing and future research.

To maintain the production and improve the recovery of hydrocarbons, nano materials are introduced recently. Improved oil recovery (IOR) is the application of various techniques for increasing the quantity of the crude oil that can be recovered from a hydrocarbon oil field. Among these techniques are chemical injection, which has been an expensive method, and field applications have been decreased during the past two decades. Currently with the advent of nanotechnology, nanofluids have been launched as a cheap, efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to other chemicals. Nanomaterials has been created and proposed to be used for IOR. Several nano materials with various sizes and concentrations have been proposed. Among the various these nanomaterials, nano-silica, nano alumina, nano zinc, and nano iron with different sizes has been recommended.In the present work, two different nano materials used to improve the recovery of oil experimentally. These nano materials are; nano silica, and nano alumina. The size of each nano material is varies from 80 to 87 nm. The size and shape of each particles were examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) while their microanalysis was performed by Energy Dispersive System (EDS). Some these materials are prepared mechanically using ball mill such as nano silica and the others are created chemically such as nano alumina.Numerous flooding scenarios have been performed to compare between the potentials of each nanofluids used to improve the hydrocarbon recovery. A control experimental run with water flooding (WF) was performed first. The ultimate recovery factor by WF was found about 67%. Then a flooding process using each nano fluid has been conducted for three different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%). The ultimate recovery factors have been measured for all of these nano fluids and they are ranging from 62% to 81 %. The reasons for this improving have been addressed and explained by measuring the viscosity of these nano fluids and interfacial tension.This research examines and analyzes the new outcomes from implementing these nanomaterials for improving oil recovery over the traditional methods. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from this work can be used to interpret and define the nanofluids improvement mechanisms, and projected a roadmap for ongoing and future work.

Structural and DC conductivity of annealed 30V 2 O 5-20Bi 2 O 3-50P 2 O 5 traditional quenching melt glass is investigated. The as quenched with amorphous nature and crystallized formed phases of annealed samples are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) techniques. The average crystallite size of the present samples after crystallization at different temperatures and times is estimated to be about 47-74.9 nm. DSC analyses of the glasses indicate a prominent glass transition temperature at 669.9 K. Monoclinic bismuth phosphate phase is formed after annealing at 723 K for 2 h and completely disappeared at 923 K with the formation of orthorhombic vanadium phosphorus oxide and new bismuth phosphate monoclinic phase. The conductivity is discussed in conformity with Mott's theory. The crystallinity development reduces the grain boundaries which leads to the conductivity improvement.

A novel approach for depositing of hydroxyapatite (HA) films on titanium substrates by using high energy ball milling (HEBM) has been developed. It was demonstrated that a heat treatment of the mechanically coated HA at 800 °C for one hour leads to partial transformation of HA phase to -TCP. It appears that the grain boundary and interface defects formed during MCS reduce this characteristic transformation temperature. Also, it was shown that Ti incorporation into the HA structure causes the lattice shrinkage and reduction of its grain size as compared to pure HA, but also promote the phase transformation of HA to TCP at high temperature. It is important that doping HA by silicon, while also significantly decrease crystallinity of deposited HA layer, results in hindering of the phase transformation process. The Si-doped HA does not show phase transition or decomposition after heat treatment even at<br />900 °C. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometer, Vickers microhardness, Electron paramagnetic resonance.