Lifestyle and diet preferences are primarily responsible for developing type 2 diabetes. In this study, okara was manufactured into okara whey crackers (OWC) to investigate its dietary role in controlling diabetes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with and without a high-fat diet. Forty-eight rats were divided into eight groups. G1-G4 were nondiabetic and fed a basal diet, a basal diet with 30% crackers, high fat diet, and a high-fat diet with 30% crackers, respectively. G5-G8 were diabetic groups that received similar diets as previous groups. Blood glucose, liver function, lipid pattern, pancreas and liver histopathology, and insulin immunohistochemistry were performed. OWC improved measured parameters and histopathology of the liver and pancreas in diabetic rats. The area % of positive insulin cells was increased in G6(5.20%) and G8 rats (2.83%) fed OWC compared to diabetic rats (1.17%). In conclusion, the use of 30% OWC in a semi-modified diet has controlled the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes.

Elevated environmental pollution of lead and fipronil is blamed for chronic toxicity. Fipronil and lead acetate are commonly used, but now no adequate data is available concerning the harmful side effects of their mixture. The present work investigated the curative effects of camel milk against lead and fipronil subchronic toxicity individually and as mixture with different doses (1/30 and 1/60 LD50) on male albino rats by oral ingestion. Rats were divided into eight groups; the first group (G1) was the normal health control. G2, G4, G6, and G8 are the normal health groups camel milk. G3 and G4 are ingested by 1/30 LD50 of the fipronil formulation. G5 and G6 are ingested by 1/30 LD50 of lead acetate. G7 and G8 are ingested by 1/60 LD50 of lead acetate and 1/60 LD50 of fipronil formulation. The lead acetate or fipronil and their mixture significantly induced destructive damage to the kidneys and liver function parameters as well as lipid profile and oxidative stress in both organs. Serum LDH activity increased under the same conditions. Most harmful effects were clearly observed in G7 followed by G3 and G5. Histological examination revealed hepatic degeneration and nephropathy in intoxicated rats relative to normal health control, as shown by hypertrophy of hepatocytes in addition to karyomegaly, binucleation, and mild individual cell coagulative and mild hypertrophy, as well as a vacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium in the kidneys. Both toxicants in their mixture showed more harmful than those of their individual ones. Camel milk treatments into intoxicated animals (lead, fipronil, and mixture groups) attenuated all evaluated parameters, alleviated the harmful influences of the mixture of lead acetate and fipronil, and improved the biomarkers of their oxidative stress.

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Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Myrrh (Commiphora Myrrha) essential oils (EOs) stand out for their benefits in terms of health and functionality. Buffalo set yogurt enriched with different concentrations of EOs (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%) were investigated. The effects of addition on sensory, syneresis, antibacterial activity, and bioactive properties (total phenol content and antioxidant activity) of yogurt were studied. The most acceptable organoleptic properties of treated yogurt were those samples treated with Eucalyptus oil. The levels of syneresis were decreased by increasing the concentration of EOs. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and total phenolic content were enhanced by increasing the concentration of EOs. Yogurt with 0.9% Eucalyptus oil showed the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The same concentration of Eucalyptus oil showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium (the inhibition zone was 20.63 mm) then E. coli (the inhibition zone was 19.43 mm). On the other hand, the highest antibacterial effect against L. monocytogene was for Myrrh oil-enriched yogurt by 0.9% and the inhibition zone was 19.21 mm. The obtained results showed that Eucalyptus and Myrrh oils can be applied to yogurt to improve its beneficial properties in terms of physical characteristics and for human health due to their antioxidant activity and phenolic materials.

Coragen is an insecticide that stimulates calcium release from intracellular stores of muscle cells causing death to sensitive species. The present study aimed to evaluate the bone toxic effect of Coragen and the potential therapeutic effect of cow milk, yogurt, and soft cheese in rats. Toxicity was induced by Coragen administration with different doses of 1/20 or 1/40 LD50 in rats. Groups of rats (n = 6) were treated with either 5 g milk, 5 g yogurt, or 1.5 g cheese. Coragen administration elevated alkaline and acid phosphatases activity and reduced the calcium and phosphorus level in urine and serum of rats administered with Coragen. Femur and tibia length, thickness, weight, and breaking force were decreased by Coragen administration and femur Ca and P contents as well. Bone mineral area (BMA), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), protein profile (total, albumin, and globulin), and antioxidant system (TAC, GSH, GPX, GST, and SOD) were decreased by Coragen. All these parameters were improved on the treatment with milk and milk products. The results showed that yogurt treatment was significantly superior to the other treatments in increasing BMD (27%), breaking force (9%), femur Ca (41%), serum Ca (14%), and serum P (16%) and in reducing acid phosphatases (14%) and urine Ca and P by 8 and 10%, respectively. It can be concluded that the treatment with milk and milk products may provide treatment against osteoporosis and toxicity caused by Coragen.