Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine liquidity risk in Pakistani banks and evaluate the effect on banks' profitability. Design/methodology/approach -Data are retrieved from the balance sheets, income statements and notes of 22 Pakistani banks during 2004-2009. Multiple regressions are applied to assess the impact of liquidity risk on banks' profitability. Findings -The results of multiple regressions show that liquidity risk affects bank profitability significantly, with liquidity gap and non-performing as the two factors exacerbating the liquidity risk. They have a negative relationship with profitability.Research limitations/implications -The period studied in this paper is 2004-2009, due to availability of the data. However, the sample period does not impair the findings since the sample includes 22 banks, which constitute the main part of the Pakistani banking system. Moreover, only profitability is used as the measure of performance. Economic factors contributing to liquidity risk are not covered in this paper. Originality/value -This is the first paper addressing the liquidity risk faced by the Pakistani banking system. Past researchers and practitioners have not given the proper attention to liquidity risk. This paper helps in understanding the factors of liquidity risk and their impact on the profitability of the banking system. The authors emphasise contemporary risk managers to mitigate liquidity risk by having sufficient cash resources. This will reduce the liquidity gap, thereby reducing the dependence on repo market.
Dividend policy is one of the widely addressed topics in financial management. It is an important duty of a financial manager to formulate the company's dividend policy that is in the best interest of the company. Many a time financial managers are involved in earnings management practices with the intention of adjusting dividends. The present study has been carried out to scrutinize the effect of earnings management on dividend policy. The researchers have taken the data of 86 listed companies for the year 2004 to 2009. The researchers have measured the dividend policy by using dividend payout ratio while Modified Cross Sectional Jones Model (1995) has been employed to measure the earnings management. The results of the common effect model show that there is not any significant relationship among earnings management and dividend policy. Moreover, smaller companies are paying more dividends as compared to larger companies. This study reveals that involvement of managers is not for dividend policy. There might be some other motives behind the earnings management.
The present study examines the role of credit risk in value creation process in banking system of Pakistan. This study here develops a conceptual model with three antecedents to credit risk. These antecedents are loan loss provision, advances, and capital adequacy ratio. The study analyzes the impact of these antecedents on accounting return on equity (ROE) and market return on shares (ROS). The data come from 20 banks listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) for 2004-2009. The study includes panel data analysis to analyze the relationship between the selected variables. The results of this study expose a minimal role of credit risk in value creation process in banking system of Pakistan. The results further reveal that banks with higher advances in their portfolio are successful in getting the confidence of shareholders.
This study evaluates the behaviour of the forex market during the first and the second wave of COVID-19. We have analysed the behaviour of exchange rates of CNY, JPY, CHF, and GBP in response to daily cases of COVID-19 and daily deaths, using Continuous Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Transform Coherence. The results show that the second wave has been more aggressive. The relationship of new cases and deaths has been more significant and negative with the exchange rates during the second wave of COVID-19. The currencies that are considered safe havens are severely affected by COVID-19 during the second wave.
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