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In the last few years, the emerging network architecture paradigm of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), has become one of the most important technology to manage large scale networks such as Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Recently, several works have shown interest in the use of SDN paradigm in VANETs. SDN brings flexibility, scalability and management facility to current VANETs. However, almost all of proposed Software-Defined VANET (SDVN) architectures are infrastructure-based. This paper will focus on how to enable SDN in infrastructure-less vehicular environments. For this aim, we propose a novel distributed SDN-based architecture for uncovered infrastructure-less vehicular scenarios. It is a scalable cluster-based architecture with distributed mobile controllers and a reliable fallback recovery mechanism based on self-organized clustering and failure anticipation.

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Heterogeneous vehicular networks (HetVNets) are a promising approach to meet the various communication requirements of vehicular networks' services using a variety of available access networks. However, due to their inherited characteristics, HetVNets are rigid, difficult to manage and suffer from a lack of programmability, flexibility, and scalability. In this paper, we first highlight the limits of current HetVNet architectures and show what the emerging software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm can bring to overcome these limitations with a focus on some use cases. We also provide a taxonomy of existing software-defined heterogeneous vehicular networks architectures and discuss their limits. Based on that, we continue by proposing a new SDN-based architecture for H e t V N e t . I t i s a c l u s t e r -b a s e d a r c h i t e c t u r e w i t h a s e m icentralized hierarchical control and an efficient fall back recovery mechanism, that functions in both infrastructure-less and infrastructure-based covered vehicular scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of the proposed architecture compared to the related SDN-based HetVNet architectures through simulation results.

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In this paper, we investigate an incentive edge caching mechanism for an internet of vehicles (IoV) system based on the paradigm of software-defined networking (SDN). We start by proposing a distributed SDN-based IoV architecture. Then, based on this architecture, we focus on the economic side of caching by considering competitive cache-enablers market composed of one content provider (CP) and multiple mobile network operators (MNOs). Each MNO manages a set of cache-enabled small base stations (SBS). The CP incites the MNOs to store its popular contents in cache-enabled SBSs with highest access probability to enhance the satisfaction of its users. By leasing their cache-enabled SBSs, the MNOs aim to make more monetary profit. We formulate the interaction between the CP and the MNOs, using a Stackelberg game, where the CP acts first as the leader by announcing the popular content quantity that it which to cache and fixing the caching popularity threshold, a minimum access probability under it a content cannot be cached. Then, MNOs act subsequently as followers responding by the content quantity they accept to cache and the corresponding caching price. A noncooperative subgame is formulated to model the competition between the followers on the CP's limited content quantity.We analyze the leader and the follower's optimization problems, and we prove the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE). Simulation results show that our game-based incentive caching model achieves optimal utilities and outperforms other incentive caching mechanisms with monopoly cache-enablers whilst enhancing 30% of the user's satisfaction and reducing the caching cost. KEYWORDS incentive edge caching, internet of vehicle, software-defined networking, Stackelberg game INTRODUCTIONIn the last few years, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged as a promising technology for improving next-generation vehicular networks by advanced cloud/edge computing technologies. This rapid emergence has principally boosted by the vigorous development of wireless communication technologies, the explosive usage of in-vehicle mobile internet, and the appearance of the smart city concept. Internet of Vehicles is the instantiation of Internet of things (IoT) paradigm in vehicular scenarios to enable more intelligent and more connected vehicle with new IP-based applications. 1,2 Int J Commun Syst. 2019;32:e3787.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dac

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