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The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin were studied in five Desert sheep and five Nubian goats after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Following i.v. injection, the plasma concentration-versus-time data were best described by a two-compartment open model. The kinetic variables were similar in both species except for the volume of the central compartment (Vc), which was larger in sheep (p<0.05). Following i.m. injection, except for the longer half-life time of absorption in goats (p<0.05), there were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between sheep and goats. The route of amoxicillin administration had no significant effect on the terminal elimination half-life in either species. The bioavailability of the drug (F) after i.m. administration was high (> 0.90) in both species. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin did not differ between sheep and goats; furthermore, because of the high availability and short half-life of absorption, the i.m. route gives similar results to the i.v. route. Therefore, identical intramuscular and intravenous dose regimens should be applicable to both species.

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Valuable information can be obtained about the respiratory system when performing lung function tests. These tests show differences in pulmonary functional quantities, which can be attributed to many factors. Some fac- tors that may significantly affect the optimal pre-test values for pulmonary function may appear, including the subject’s physical condition before testing. This study aims to analyse the physiological effects of various types of warm-ups exercises and their effect on pre-test results of respiratory variables of Vital Capacity (VC) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). Sixteen healthy males participants ages (19–21) years (20.08±1.55 years) were in- tentionally selected. The homogeneity of age, height, mass, Vital Capacity (VC), and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) was verified. The results of VC and FVC tests were taken before and after field and laboratory warm-ups; the laboratory warm-up was performed on a treadmill. The study revealed significant differences in the VC results between non-warm-ups compared with the VC predicted values. No significant differences between field and laboratory warm-ups compared with VC predicted value were found. Significant differences in the VC results after the field and laboratory warm-ups compared to non-warm-up results were recorded. The study showed significant differences in the FVC results between non-warm-ups compared with FVC predicted value. No sig- nificant differences between field and laboratory warm-ups compared with FVC predicted value were found. Significant differences in the FVC results after the field and laboratory warm-ups compared to non-warm-up results. We observed that warm-up exercises had a positive effect on variable-related results for VC and FVC, especially when the warm-up was in the lab.

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