Irrigation has made a significant contribution to supporting the population’s expanding food demands, as well as promoting economic growth in irrigated regions. The current investigation was carried out in order to estimate the quality of the groundwater for agricultural viability in the Algerian Desert using various water quality indices and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, support vector machine regression (SVMR) was applied to forecast eight irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs), such as the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), potential salinity (PS), Kelly index (KI), permeability index (PI), potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). Several physicochemical variables, such as temperature (T°), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), K+, Na2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, CO32−, and NO3−, were measured from 45 deep groundwater wells. The hydrochemical facies of the groundwater resources were Ca–Mg–Cl/SO4 and Na–Cl−, which revealed evaporation, reverse ion exchange, and rock–water interaction processes. The IWQI, Na%, SAR, SSP, KI, PS, PI, and RSC showed mean values of 50.78, 43.07, 4.85, 41.78, 0.74, 29.60, 45.65, and −20.44, respectively. For instance, the IWQI for the obtained results indicated that the groundwater samples were categorized into high restriction to moderate restriction for irrigation purposes, which can only be used for plants that are highly salt tolerant. The SVMR model produced robust estimates for eight IWQIs in calibration (Cal.), with R2 values varying between 0.90 and 0.97. Furthermore, in validation (Val.), R2 values between 0.88 and 0.95 were achieved using the SVMR model, which produced reliable estimates for eight IWQIs. These findings support the feasibility of using IWQIs and SVMR models for the evaluation and management of the groundwater of complex terminal aquifers for irrigation. Finally, the combination of IWQIs, SVMR, and GIS was effective and an applicable technique for interpreting and forecasting the irrigation water quality used in both arid and semi-arid regions.

Landslides are one of the natural hazards, which have significant negative effects on both humans and the environment. Thus, slope stability analyses and stabilization processes are necessary to obviate or mitigate landslides. In this study, the effect of groundwater level fluctuations and the construction of a building (i.e., a recently built church) on slope stability was investigated on the eastern slope of the Avas Hill, at Miskolc, in Northeast Hungary. Soil movements and groundwater levels were monitored and geological and slope stability models were constructed. Furthermore, the possibility of constructing a retaining system was evaluated to minimize the detrimental effects of both groundwater level fluctuations and the construction of the church. The findings showed that the fluctuation in groundwater levels had a destructive effect on slope stability due to pore-water pressure, which decreased the soil strength of the slope and slope stability. On the other hand, the church added an external load onto the underlying soil leading to an increase in slope instability. Hence, we suggested constructing retaining structures such as gravity retaining walls to increase the soil shear strength and enhance slope stability in the long term.

The study area is located in the Debila and El-Oued regions in the northeast of the Algeria desert. The water samples were collected from the semi-confined Mio-Pliocene and Lower Pontian aquifers. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, EC, TDS, and major ions were measured and compared with WHO standards. There is significant water quality deterioration because of strong mineralization and anthropogenic activities. The hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater revealed that evaporation, dissolution of gypsum, and reverse ion exchange are the main controlling factors of the water composition in the study area. The two main hydro-chemical facies of the groundwater in the deep aquifers are Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl/SO42− and Na+–Cl−. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated by using the weighted arithmetic method to determine the suitability of water for drinking. The groundwater in Debila and El-Oued regions is not suitable for drinking. The groundwater is suitable for irrigation according to Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Na%, Magnesium risk (MR), Permeability Index (PI), and residual Sodium carbonate index (RSC). The values of the saturated index (SI) indicated that the groundwater is undersaturated with halite, anhydrite, and gypsum but saturated to oversaturated by calcite, aragonite, and dolomite.The groundwater in the Debila and El-Oued regions is classified as brackish water. Using brackish water for drinking and irrigation will have an adverse effect on human health and increase soil salinity and decrease plant production. There is no need for using fertilizers containing calcium where the SAR has a low to medium value and the soil will not be affected by sodification or decrease in the capacity of infiltration.