Background: Fenton (Fe 2+ and H 2 O 2) and modified Fenton (Fe 3+ and H 2 O 2) are two popular methods used in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and degradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dye compounds. In these processes, Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ as catalysts and H 2 O 2 as the oxidizing agent are added to the reactor. Objectives: The aim of the current study is to assess the abovementioned methods for removal of Reactive Red 198 and Blue Reactive 19 from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out using lab-scale. After preparation of RB-19 and RR-198 stock solutions (1000 ppm), optimum pH and temperature were determined within the range of (3-11) and (15°C-40°C) respectively, and specific amounts of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ (0.8, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 32 mM) were prepared by adding FeSo 4. 7H 2 O and FeCl 3 , and H 2 O 2 30% W/W (2, 5, 11, 23, 47 and 94 mM) were added to the solutions to establish the H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ molar ratios. Standard jar tests were conducted using jar test apparatus. After sedimentation time, samples were filtered through a 0.45 µm fiber membrane, and then final dye concentrations were measured using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Results: The highest dye removal efficiency in both Fenton and modified Fenton methods were obtained at the optimum pH = 3, optimum reaction time of 10 minutes, optimum temperature at 25°C and H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ and H 2 O 2 /Fe 3+ concentrations of 11.3 and 5.1 mM, respectively. In the Fenton reaction the maximum efficiency was obtained at 94.70% and 99.31% for reactive red 198 and reactive blue 19, respectively. Moreover, by the modified Fenton method the maximum removal efficiency for reactive red 198 and reactive blue 19 was 94.8% and 99.43%. Conclusions: Fenton and modified Fenton processes could be used as very effective methods for removal of reactive red 198 and blue reactive 19 from aqueous solutions.
Background: Healthy and hygienic foods should be available for healthy life of humans in all circumstances. This issue will be more important when a disaster occurrs. Iran is among high risk natural disaster countries, that should be always prepared. The present study aimed to evaluate the awareness of Gonabad University Medical students about nutrition and food preservation at times of disaster. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 360 students out of 1800 Medical Sciences students of Gonabad University who were selected by stratified random sampling method in 2016. A self-designed questionnaire consisting of 10 questions with acceptable validity and reliability was used with Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.8. Finally, the data were analyzed by 1-sample t-test and Mann -Whitney test through SPSS 16. Results:The results showed that 39%, 35.5%, and 25.5% of the participants had a good, moderate, and low level of awareness about nutrition and preservation in disasters, respectively. No significant difference was observed between genders (P>0.05), and fields of study with regard to their awareness (P=0.002). Conclusion:It was found that the students' awareness about nutrition and food preservation at times of disaster was poor. Thus, to achieve a successful disaster management, it is recommended that an appropriate instruction manual of nutrition and food preservation be prepared by disaster response agencies and be taught for the guidance of students.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of groundwater in the villages of Qom province during summer 2014, and to compare the results with Iran's Standard No. 1053. Methods: This research is a descriptive sectional study. During the investigation, one step sampling with the necessary repetitions (if necessary) was performed of each well for evaluation of physical and chemical quality of groundwater in the villages of Qom province. SPSS version 16 and ARCGIS software were employed for data analysis and data zoning respectively. Results: The average concentration of magnesium, sulfate and ammonia in wells water were higher than standard. The average concentration of fluoride was lower than the standard limit. pH and turbidity in all wells were within the standard limit but sulfate in 33.33%, ammonia in 13.33%, magnesium in 10.66%, sodium in 40%, calcium in 5.33%, nitrate in 17.33%, total dissolved solids (TDS) in 14.66% and electrical conductivity (EC) in 24% of wells were higher than the standard limit, and fluorine in 98.66% of wells was lower than the standard limit. The results of zoning in the villages of Qom province revealed that measured values at most wells were in the maximum amount in central and northeastern areas and minimum amount in southern and western areas. Conclusion: This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters such as fluoride in almost all villages, and sulfates, chloride, magnesium, sodium, calcium, nitrate, TDS and EC in some of the wells did not fall within the permissible limit.
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