ontamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has increased worldwide. Heavy metals are interesting and noteworthy due to their strong impact on aquatic ecosystems and their bioaccumulation in hydrobionts. Cadmium and Copper were tested in genotoxicity assays with some contradictory results (Ayllon and Garcia, 2000; Conners and Black, 2004). Metal accumulation causes an increase in highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical which leading to oxidative stress in fish (Dautremepuits et al., 2002). Many factors including heavy metals in soil and waste water (Yu, 2000) can affect the DNA genetic material of organisms directly or indirectly and not only to damage the integrity of the DNA structure but also influence its expression and eventually cause genotoxicity to organisms. Copper sulfate is one of the pesticides that can be troublesome. The most copper sources are the agricultural fertilizers and pesticides and the frequent cause of poisoning in aquatic ecosystems. Copper compounds are also found in preservatives, additives and coloring
BackgroundCoronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and death. Early diagnosis of patients with left main and/or three-vessel disease (LM/3VD) among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients is beneficial. The relation between erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular diseases was previously noticed. The aim of our work was to find out if the severity of ED could predict the presence of LM/3VD in ACS patients.Patients and methodsEighty-five male patients with ACS were included in the study. Clinical assessment, estimation of international index of erectile function (IIEF) score, and coronary angiography were performed in all patients. Gensini score was calculated to assess the severity of CAD. Based on IIEF score, the patients were divided into two groups: Group 1: patients with mild or no ED (IIEF score ≥17), Group 2: patients with moderate or severe ED (IIEF score <17).ResultsPatients with IIEF score <17 had significantly higher prevalence of LM CAD (4.3% versus 18.4%, p = 0.035), 3VD (17% versus 39.5%, p = 0.021) and LM/3VD (21.3% versus 55.3%, p = 0.0012), as well as higher mean Gensini score (23.5 ± 10.8 versus 34.1 ± 12.7, p = 0.0001). The independent predictors of LM/3VD in order of significance were: age, heart rate, IIEF <17, Killip class >1, and ST-depression or ST-elevation in lead aVR ≥1 mV. There was a significant negative correlation between IIEF score and Gensini score (r = −0.383, p = 0.0003).ConclusionThe presence of moderate or severe ED in men with ACS is associated with higher Gensini score and more incidence of LM/3VD. IIEF score <17 was an independent predictor of LM/3VD.
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