Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD NRI 1945 mengatur mengenai penghormatan dan pengakuan atas satuan-satuan masyarakat hukum adat beserta hak-hak tradisionalnya sepanjang keberadaannya masih ada. Salah satu hak masyarakat adat di masyarakat pesisir di Provinsi Lampung ialah hak rumpon sebagai hak ulayat laut. Rumpon laut secara bahasa merupakan jenis alat bantu penangkapan ikan yang dipasang di laut, baik laut dangkal maupun laut dalam. Saat ini eksistensi rumpon laut terancam keberadaannya karena untuk menjaga dan melestarikan sistem pengelolaan perikanan ini tidak didukung oleh tindakan nyata oleh Pemerintah dan masyarakat sekitar pesisir. Tulisan ini melakukan pengkajian atas hak masyarakat hukum atas hak ulayat rumpon di Provinsi Lampung dengan fokus penelitian pada eksistensi hak ulayat laut rumpon pada masyarakat Lampung dan perlindungan konstitusional atas hak ulayat rumpon laut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode socio-legal yang melakukan kajian terhadap aspek hukum dalam ranah das sollen dan das sein.Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia regulates the respect and recognition on customary law community units and their traditional rights as long as they still exist. One of the rights of indigenous peoples in coastal communities in Lampung Province is rumpon’s right as the ulayat right of the sea. Literaly, Rumpon laut is a type of fishing gear installed in the sea, both the shallow and the deep one. Currently the existence of rumpon laut is threatened because the maintenance is not supported by concrete actions by the Government and coastal communities. This paper conducts an assessment of the community’s right on customary rights of rumpon laut in Lampung Province. This paper focuses on the existence of the ulayat right of rumpon laut in Lampung and the constitutional protection of the ulayat right of rumpon laut. The research method used is a sociolegal method that studies the legal aspects in the realm of das sollen and das sein.
Mineral and coal mining activities in Indonesia have been going on for a long time, and because of that, many legal instruments that support them have been established. This article traces the development of mineral and coal mining policies from the colonial period to the current reform, with the aim of capturing in general the dynamics of the existing policy developments. The study of this article shows that mining policies during the colonial period were part of the politics of colonialization, so that they were exploitative and monopolistic in character. For this purpose, a concession/permit management system is applied. After independence, the spirit of nationalism was embodied in a law that allowed for the nationalization of foreign mining companies, as well as closing the meeting for foreign investment. However, since 1967, foreign investment has been widely opened, as well as the introduction and use of an enterprise system based on a contract of work, a work agreement, and a mining authorization. Post-reformation, with the spirit of decentralization and regional autonomy, mining policy was directed to support the authority of mining management by local governments, and at the same time, started to use a system of exploitation based on mining business permits. Recent developments, the authority of this local government was taken over by the central government. The various dynamics of these developments show that mineral and coal mining has always been seen as a strategic commodity so that it deserves to be contested, whether it was formerly by the colonial authorities or later by the central and local governments, and laws were then enacted to support these goals. Abstrak Aktivitas pertambangan mineral dan batubara di Indonesia telah berlangsung sejak lama, dan karena itu, instrumen hukum yang mendukungnya tentu telah banyak pula dibentuk. Artikel ini menelusuri perkembangan kebijakan pertambangan mineral dan batubara dari masa kolonial sampai reformasi saat ini, dengan tujuan memotret secara umum dinamika perkembangan kebijakan yang ada. Kajian artikel ini memperlihatkan kebijakan pertambangan pada masa kolonial merupakan bagian dari politik kolonialisasi, sehingga berwatak eksploitatif dan monopolistik. Untuk kebutuhan tersebut, diberlakukan sistem pengusahaan konsensi/izin. Setelah kemerdekaan, semangat nasionalisme dituangkan dalam hukum yang memungkinkan dilakukannya nasionalisasi terhadap perusahaan-perusahaan tambang asing, sekaligus menutup rapat bagi investasi asing. Namun, sejak 1967, investasi asing dibuka lebar, sekaligus mulai diperkenalkan dan digunakan sistem pengusahaan berdasarkan kontrak karya, perjanjian karya, dan kuasa pertambangan. Pasca-reformasi, dengan semangat desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah, maka kebijakan pertambangan diarahkan untuk mendukung kewenangan pengelolaan pertambangan oleh pemerintah daerah, dan pada saat bersamaan, mulai digunakan sistem pengusahaan berdasarkan izin usaha pertambangan. Perkembangan terkini, kewenangan pemerintah daerah ini diambil alih oleh pemerintah pusat. Berbagai dinamika perkembangan tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa pertambangan mineral dan batubara selalu dipandang sebagai komoditas strategis sehingga layak diperebutkan, entah itu dulunya oleh penguasa kolonial maupun belakangan oleh pemerintah pusat dan daerah, dan hukum kemudian diadakan untuk mendukung tujuan-tujuan tersebut.
PT Freeport Indonesia (PT FI) has a Contract of Work (KK) to undertake mining materials in Grasberg and Ertsberg mining areas which has begun in 1967 and will end in 2021. Since the promulgation of Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining (UU Minerba), regulation on mineral and coal undertaking has been in accordance with Pancasila (State Ideology) and the 1945 Constitution, however, because UU Minerba can only be effective for legal actions after its promulgation therefore items related to KK before the existence of that law cannot be regulated. On the other hand, the existence of KK of PT FI is considered to be in violation with Pancasila namely The Fifth Principle “Social Justice for The Whole People of Indonesia”, and Article 33 (3) of 1945 Constitution concerning the substance of land, water, and natural wealth ‘shall be controlled by the State’ and ‘for maximum use for people’s welfare’. This article shall discuss on whether KK of PT FI has been in accordance with Pancasila and the1945 Constitution? And what should Government do in order KK of PT FI can be regulated within the frame of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution? The method used in this writing is juridical normative. Based on the writer’s analysis, KK of PT FI is violating Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. The effort to adjust it to Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution shall be conducted through renegotiation of KK of PT FI based on “hardship” principle in UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and principle of natural resources for national interest and people’s welfare in the Resolution of General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962, “Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources.
The emerging of entertainment development in Indonesia, increasing number of tourists is one aspect for the world entertainment competition. The increasing insistence and urge in the world of entertainment making the business perform a variety of ways in order to survive and able to compete in the competition. One of the example is the dolphins entertainment, they do a lot of tricks and do interact directly to human. Apart from all the entertainment that we get as the consumer, we do not know how the way dolphins suffer of to do all the orders given for the tricks, to do the direct interaction without injuring humans. All things they went through was a hard painfuly and unpleasant process. As a protected species, the care maintenance and ownership rules should be followed for the sake of the animal welfare. The protection of dolphins entertainment considered as important and should be monitored according the rules to avoid animal abuse.
Discourse concerning state control concept on natural resources in Article 33 clause (3) of the 1945 Constitution is very dynamic. Such dynamic can be seen on a variety of conceptions of state control rights on natural resources formulated in various acts in natural resources area. Lack of single concept on ‘state control right’ will impact to unfavorable situation where natural resources shall escape from conception of state control right and into control not by the state. The Constitutional Court as the Guardian and Interpreter of the Constitution has a significant role to ascertain that an act in natural resources area really adopt the principle of state control on natural resources in Indonesia. This article analyzes on dynamics of conception of state control on natural resources in various acts and the role of the Constitutional Court in guarding and interpreting acts in natural resources in order to be in accordance with Article 33 clause (3) of the 1945 Constitution. From the result of analysis a conclusion is achieved that there are many different concepts of state control on natural resources in various acts in natural resources area. The Constitutional Court indeed has made interpretation on state control right. In order to make the conception stronger it is necessary to have an act in natural resources area as instruction of Article 33 clause (5) of the 1945 Constitution that further provisions of Article 33 shall be regulated by an act. Moreover, DPR (The House of Representatives) and the Government have to make certain or definite the concept of state control right in every draft bill of natural resources area so that liberalism and capitalism stream will not erode the principle of state control right.
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