Ontology originated in a branch of artificial intelligence and widely used in various fields such as semantic web, engineering systems, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, information engineering, knowledge management, decision-making system, and the industry sector. Ontology supports the knowledge management system and helps get significant features of product design. The lack of using knowledge is the critical challenge in information interoperability of the manufacture, especially, in the early stage of design. This information must be gathered, stored, shared, reused, and managed in a consistent and standardized way. The aim of this study is to use the ontology for reducing the complexity of information and increasing its organization, facilitating sharing and reusing of information, and improving its accuracy. The use of ontology has shown optimistic results to support comprehensive decisions in the industrial field. The researchers have confirmed the importance of using the ontology to improve interoperability over the product life cycle and address the impacts of products through the outputs of the product life cycle assessment tool. This study is expected to contribute to develop an efficient and practicable sustainability tool during product design with a complete view to solve the lack of sharing information in the product life cycle, provide high quality and comprehensive recommendations to support the manufacturing processes for product sustainability.
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are low calorie sweeteners with prebiotic property which is widely used as functional food material.FOS can be produced by using phytoenzymes from Ananas comosus waste. Pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruits are available at most of Asean country. In this work, One Factor at A Time (OFAT) by Response Surface Method (RSM) using Design Expert version 7.0 have been applied to optimize the FOS concentrations by enzymatic reaction of sucrose with phytoenzymes from Ananas comosus waste. The studied variables were: temperature (30-90˚C), pH (3-9), time of reaction (10-120 minutes), sucrose concentrations (20%-80%w/v) and phytoenzymes concentrations (10%-100% w/v) of reaction correspondingly. As a result, an optimum condition FOS production was obtained are, time of reaction (100 minutes), temperature (60˚C), pH (5.5), sucrose concentration (60%w/v), and phytoenzymes concentration (30% w/v), respectively and producing 150.456 (g/ml).This investigation can be further extended to explore the prebiotic potential of synthesized FOS.
Delignification is essential for wide range of technologies especially in paper industry and ethanol as transportation fuel. Researches have been made by thermal, mechanical, chemical and biology treatment. Recently, L. Leucocephala has been in centre of attraction for paper making industry while formic acid, a typical organosolv system has been given attention by the researchers due to effectiveness on the ability to break down and modify the lignin structure. Hence, delignification of L. Leucocephala was studied using chemical treatment with formic acid. The effect of reaction conditions including reaction temperature and formic acid concentration were investigated at atmospheric pressure for 6 hours of reaction time. Delignification percentage approximately 70 – 75 % (v/w) with a pulp yield of 40 – 62% (w/w) was obtained and the optimal reaction temperature is 90oC with 90% of formic acid concentration, respectively. Therefore, temperature and formic acid concentration affected significantly on the delignification process of L. Leucocephala.
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