Scant evidence exists to support the association of opium use with head and neck cancer, limited to the larynx and oral cavity. In a multicenter case‐control study—Iran Opium and Cancer study, we recruited 633 cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (254 lip and oral cavity, 54 pharynx, 327 larynx and 28 other subsites within the head and neck) and 3065 frequency‐matched controls from April 2016 to April 2019. Odds ratios (ORs) for opium use and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were obtained using mixed‐effects logistic regression because of heterogeneity among centers. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for regular opium use was 3.76 (2.96‐4.79) for all HNSCC combined. Strong dose‐response effects were observed by frequency or amount of use, and duration of use. Regular opium uses significantly increased the risk of HNSCC of the pharynx, larynx and other subsites within the head and neck with OR (95% CI) of 2.90 (1.40‐6.02), 6.55 (4.69‐9.13) and 5.95 (2.41‐14.71), respectively. The observed associations were significant even among never tobacco smokers (including cigarette and water‐pipe smoking). Moreover, by the multiplicative interaction scale, the effect of opium use could be varied by cigarette smoking on HNSCC, 8.16 (6.20‐10.74). For the first time, the current study showed opium users have an increased risk of several anatomic subsites of HNSCC.

Background: Head and Neck (H and N) cancers include malignant tumors of the nasal cavity, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, larynx and salivary glands. Opium use might be related to these cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between Opium and its Derivatives (O and D) use and the incidence of H and N cancers. Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, 140 patients with H and N cancers and 280 healthy controls (matched for age, gender, and place of residence) were included. Information about their use of O and D, cigarette smoking, alcohol and diet were collected using a structured questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the relation between variables. Results: The use of opioids was associated with an increased risk of HandN cancers (Adjusted OR: 8.13; CI: 4.08-16.2). A significant dose-response relation between O and D use was observed, with high use Adjusted OR=8.91; 95% CI: 4.03-19.65 and low use Adjusted OR=6.52; 95% CI: 3.18-13.36. This dose-response association was stronger in patients with laryngeal cancer and opioids use, with high use Adjusted OR = 11.17; 95% CI=4.48-28.09 and low use Adjusted OR = 9.46; 95% CI= 3.97-22.52. Conclusion: The results show that opium use can be considered as an important risk factor for H and N cancers. Also in Iran, opium seems to play a more important role than cigarette smoking.

Despite the efforts of ministry of health and medical education of Iran in implementing free iron supplements for infants and for girls, the prevalence of ID and resultant anemia is considerable. Further interventions to increase use of supplements when they are provided and special programs for non-covered groups including boys under six are in great need.

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Background case-control stu reporting opium Methods: W neighborhoods visitors were co 12; Stata Corp( Results: Data men was signif cigarette smok unadjusted ana 0.59,1). After a (Adjusted OR = Conclusion: of opium use a neighborhood c controls for cas

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent, progressive, and treatable disease. However, lack of enough data about its prevalence in Iran is a major obstacle for its early detection. In order to determine the prevalence of the disease in the country, it is necessary to conduct epidemiologic studies especially on populations with ethnic diversity; hence, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of CKD and its predisposing factors in an adult population aged 15 to 75 years old in Kerman city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 988 adults aged 15 to 75 years in Kerman city, during year 2010. We collected data on the status of hypertension (HTN) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in all participants. Moreover, height, weight, and blood pressure of all participants were measured and a blood sample was taken for laboratory tests. In addition, a morning urine sample was taken to detect microalbuminuria and measure protein, and creatinine. Patients' glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula, and the stage of the chronic kidney disease (CKD) was determined. Results: Of all the participants, 58% were female and the mean age (SD) of participants was 45 ± 16 years. Considering participants' body mass index (BMI), 37% were overweight and 18% were obese. The prevalence of HTN and DM were 20% and 14%, respectively. Mean GFR (SD) was 67 ± 20 mL/min/1.73 m 2. Overall, 91% of the participants were affected by some degree of CKD (stage 1:5%; stage 2: 55.1%; stage 3: 30.5%; stage 4: 0.4%). Prevalence of CKD that was defined through GFR < 60 cc/min was 30.9%. The CKD stage was significantly higher in females, people over 50 years old, overweight or obese individuals, and participants with hypercholesterolemia, high LDL or HTN (P < 0.05). However, CKD stage had no significant relationship with triglyceride level, HDL level, or DM (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study showed that 91% of the adult population living in Kerman city was affected by some degrees of CKD and more than one-third were at stages 3 or 4. Prevalence of CKD that was defined through GFR < 60 cc/min was 30.9%. Since early detection of CKD could help adopt preventive measures and interventions, and prevent disease progression, policy makers must pay special attention to preventive programs, such as programs for life style modification, and design treatment plans for different risk factors, such as HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia.

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