The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is the novel disease of the respiratory system, causing the ongoing pandemic with flu-like symptoms. It is caused by a virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2). This disease affected the entire world and various myths are circulating about its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The choice for diagnosis should be based on clinical and epidemiological factors and linked to an assessment of the likelihood of infection. A number of rapid diagnostic and serological tests are being used for the detection of suspected COVID-19 cases. However, the sensitivity and specificity of such newly marketed tests have not been evaluated and never up to standard yet. Therefore, it is not recommended any such immunochromatographic or serological rapid screening tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The most reliable diagnostic test to confirm COVID-19 is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) which is a molecular-based test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Eradication of highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 Virus that causing the ongoing deadly pandemic COVID-19, demands individual attention and awareness are necessary regarding the route and mode of transmission across the bounders throughout the entire world. Proper hand-washing, staying at the home and maintaining the social distance are proved to the most effective preventive measures and are immediate solutions to save human beings from this unseen enemy.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify the pulmonary microbial pathogens in bronchial washings. It was intended to make a diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in bronchial washings of patients whose sputum specimen failed to expose any aerobic pathogenic microorganism.The study was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore. The specimens were taken from patient of tuberculosis, Chest, Medicine, Gynea and ENT wards at Jinnah Hospital Lahore and transported to Microbiology Laboratory, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore. All samples were processed for Culture and sensitivity, microbial identification was based on colony morphology, Gram staining, Microscopy, Biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Out of 126 specimens of bronchial washings 44 (34.92%) specimen revealed no micro-organism on culture media. The remaining 82(65.08%) specimens revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25(30.48%), Acinetobacter,17 (20.73%), Escherichia coli, 07(8.54%), Haemophilus infuenzae 3(3.66%), Proteus mirabiles 2 (2.44%), Klebsiella Pneumonia 3(3.66%); B-haemolytic streptococci 6(7.32%), Streptococcus pneumonia 7(8.54%), Staphylococcus aureus, 6(7.32%); Neisseria meningitidis 3(3.66%); Candida species 3(3.66%). This study suggests that bronchial alveolar washings are superior to sputum specimen in diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections.
This cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of UTI among population visiting Jinnah Hospital Lahore to identify microorganisms responsible for UTI to explore sensitivity patterns of identified microorganisms to certain antibiotics used in the cure of UTI. This study included 378 samples of all age groups. In this study we utilized two main approaches, questionnaire and urine testing (urinalysis and urine culture). 151 samples showed no growth on culture plates for taking antibiotics at the time of collection of samples. The positive samples for pathogenic microorganisms were 197. Out of those positive cases gram negative bacteria were found responsible for 81.92% of UTIs in comparison to gram positive bacteria which were 18.08%. Escherichia coli were the most predominant uro-pathogen with 34% followed by Klebsiella spp. 18.78% and Staphylococcus spp. 12.67%. The prevalence of Candida spp. 20.30% was also very high in males and females. Urine culture is an important diagnostic tool to confirm UTI. Rules must be put on the consumption of antibiotics to limit their abuse and misuse. Physicians are advised to use antibiotics like sulzone, nitrofuration, tazocin and imipenum for gram negative bacteria and tetracycline against gram positive bacteria, these antibiotics showed a low resistance rate in that study over commonly used antibiotics.
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