BackgroundThe premise of patient-centered care is to empower patients to become active participants in their own care and receive health services focused on their individual needs and preferences. Afghanistan has evidenced enormous gains in coverage and utilization, but the quality of care remains suboptimal, as evidenced in the balanced scorecard (BSC) performance assessments. In the United States and throughout Africa and Asia, community scorecards (CSC) have proved effective in improving accountability and responsiveness of services. This study represents the first attempt to assess CSC feasibility in a fragile context (Afghanistan) through joint engagement of service providers and community members in the design of patient-centered services with the objective of assessing impact on service delivery and perceived quality of care.MethodsSix primary healthcare facilities were randomly selected in three provinces (Bamyan, Takhar and Nangarhar) and communities in their catchment area were selected for the study. Employing a multi-stakeholder strategy, community members and leaders, health councils, facility providers, NGO managers, and provincial directorates were engaged in a five-phase process to jointly identify structural and service delivery indicators (about 20), score performance and subsequently develop action plans for instituting improvements through participatory research methods. Three rounds of CSC assessments were conducted in each community. Over 470 community members, 34 health providers, and other provincial ministry staff participated in the performance audits.ResultsStructural capacity indicators including the number and cadre of service providers, particularly female providers, water and power supply, waiting rooms, essential medicines, and equipment scored low in the first round (30–50 %). Provider courtesy and quality of care received high scores (>90 %) throughout the study. Unrealistic community demands for ambulances and specialist doctors were mitigated by community education of entitlements described in the national standards for essential package of services. The joint interface meeting facilitated transparent dialogue between the community and providers and resulted in creative and participatory problem solving mechanisms and mobilization of resources.ConclusionThese results indicate the potential of the CSC as a tool for enhancing social accountability for patient-centered care. However, the process requires skilled facilitators to effectively engage communities and healthcare providers and adaptation to specific healthcare contexts.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0946-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
In health outcomes terms, the poorest countries stand to lose the most from these disruptions. In this paper, we make the case for a rational approach to public sector health spending and decision making during and in the early recovery phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on ethics and equity principles, it is crucial to ensure that patients not infected by COVID-19 continue to get access to healthcare and that the services they need continue to be resourced. We present a list of 120 essential non-COVID-19 health interventions that were adapted from the model health benefit packages developed by the Disease Control Priorities project.
A reproductive-health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey was carried out among 468 Afghan women of reproductive age. A convenience sample of women was selected from attendees in the outpatient departments of four health facilities in Kabul. Seventy-nine per cent of respondents had attended at least one antenatal consultation during their last pregnancy. Two-thirds (67 per cent) delivered their first child between 13 and 19 years. The Caesarean-section rate was low (1.6 per cent). Two-thirds (67 per cent) of deliveries occurred in the home. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 23 per cent (16 per cent modern and 7 per cent natural methods). Twenty-four per cent had knowledge of any STIs, although most of these women did not know correctly how to prevent them. Most of the women (93 per cent) needed authorization from their husband or a male relative before seeking professional health-care. In multivariate analysis, women's schooling was significantly associated with antenatal-care attendance (AOR 4.78), institutional delivery (AOR 2.29), skilled attendance at birth (AOR 2.07) and use of family planning (AOR 4.59). Reproductive-health indicators were noted to be poor even among these women living in Kabul, a group often considered to be the most privileged. To meet the reproductive-health needs of Afghan women, the socio-cultural aspects of their situation--especially their decision-making abilities -- will need to be addressed. A long-standing commitment from agencies and donors is required, in which the education of women should be placed as a cornerstone of the reconstruction process of Afghanistan.
This paper analyses the effect of wealth status on care-seeking patterns and health expenditures in Afghanistan, based on a national household survey conducted within public health facility catchment areas. We found high rates of reported care-seeking, with more than 90% of those ill seeking care. Sick individuals from all wealth quintiles had high rates of care-seeking, although those in the wealthiest quintile were more likely to seek care than those from the poorest (odds ratio 2.2; 95% CI 1.6, 3.0). The nearest clinic providing the government's Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) was the most commonly sought first provider (53% overall), especially for relatively poor households (62% in poorest vs. 42% in least poor quintile, P < 0.0001). Sick individuals from wealthier quintiles used hospitals and for-profit private providers more than those in poorer quintiles. Multivariate analysis showed that wealth quintile was the strongest predictor of seeking care, and of going first to private providers. More than 90% of those seeking care paid money out-of-pocket. Mean (median) expenditures among those paying for care in the previous month were 873 Afghanis (200 Afghanis), equivalent to US$17.5 (US$4). Expenditures were lowest at BPHS clinics and highest at private providers. Financing care through borrowing money or selling assets/land ('any distress' financing) was reported in nearly 30% of cases and was almost twice as high among households in the poorest versus the least poor quintile (P < 0.0001). Financing care through selling assets/land ('severe distress' financing) was less common (10% overall) and did not differ by wealth status. These findings indicate that BPHS facilities are being used by the poor who live close to them, but further research is needed to assess utilization among populations in more remote areas. The high out-of-pocket health expenditures, particularly for private sector services, highlight the need to develop financial protection mechanisms in Afghanistan.
Background: Afghanistan has the second lowest health workforce density and the highest level of rural residing population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Ongoing insecurity, cultural, socioeconomic and regulatory barriers have also contributed to gender and geographic imbalances. Afghanistan has introduced a number of interventions to tackle its health worker shortage and maldistribution. Aims: This review provides an overview of interventions introduced to address the critical shortage and maldistribution of health workers in rural and remote Afghanistan. Methods: A review of literature (including published peer-reviewed, grey literature, and national and international technical reports and documents) was conducted. Results: The attraction and retention of health workforce in rural and remote areas require using a bundle of interventions to overcome these complex multidimensional challenges. Afghanistan expanded training institutions in remote provinces and introduced new cadres of community-based health practitioners. Targeted recruitment and deployment to rural areas, financial incentives and family support were other cited approaches. These interventions have increased the availability of health workers in rural areas, resulting in improved service delivery and health outcomes. Despite these efforts, challenges still persist including: limited female health worker mobility, retention of volunteer community-based health workforce, competition from the private sector and challenges of expanding scopes of practice of new cadres. Conclusions: Afghanistan made notable progress but must continue its efforts in addressing its critical health worker shortage and maldistribution through the production, deployment and retention of a "fit-for-purpose" gender-balanced, rural workforce with adequate skill mix. Limited literature inhibits evaluating progress and further studies are needed.
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