Injection molding is the most common process for producing plastic products. The surface quality and the cycle time of the plastic product is strongly influenced by the cooling system, which accounts for approximately 70% of cycle time. In conventional injection molds, beryllium copper (BeCu) inserts are commonly used to speed up the cooling process and to obtain a uniform temperature distribution. This study aims to compare the abilities of the vapor chamber and the BeCu insert to increase the cooling rate and provide an even temperature distribution. The experiment was conducted with variations in heat inputs, cooling temperatures, and cooling rates. The vapor chamber had a copper foam wick with a pore diameter of 0.2 mm, filling ratio of 30%, and water as the working fluid. The vapor chamber provides an effective way to speed up the heat transfer process in injection molding, with heat transfer up to 67% greater than in conventional cooling methods that use BeCu.
The design and analysis of piping systems are critical in the power and process industries. The steam pipe is one of the main requirements for the plant to be installed. High-pressure and high-temperature steam pipes in the piping system are critical lines that need to be subjected to stress analysis. This study aims to evaluate the stress and the effect of using pipe supports on the stress in the piping system. Stress analysis is needed to ensure that the piping system that is designed is safe and does not exceed the allowable stress under operating conditions. Data analysis used ASTM A335-P11 as a pipe material with a design pressure of 65 bars and a design temperature of 480 °C. Stress analysis was carried out using CAESAR II software, which refers to ASME B31.3 process piping standards and codes. The findings revealed that the type of support chosen, such as the gap and distance of pipe support, has a significant impact on the stress value in the piping system. The results of the analysis are carried out several times to get the stress value so that it does not exceed the allowable stress. The greatest stress value occurs at the expansion load condition in the steam pipe system design. The chosen piping system design has a ratio of 93.6%, which is located at node 220 with a stress value of 35889.1 psi and an allowable stress of 38327.2 psi. Because the stress value that occurs is below the allowable stress, the steam pipe system is safe to be installed and operated.
Increased energy demand in Indonesia is accompanied by increasing demand for natural gas, where in the next 50 years natural gas is predicted to be the number one energy source in Indonesia, pipeline is the cheapest way to distribute natural gas, in this way, length of pipeline infrastructure will increase year by year. it is still very much needed by both the household, industry, and power plants. The longer the pipeline, the risk of pipeline failure also increases, it is necessary to understand what factors have the most influence on pipeline failure, the method used is to create a factor matrix from a modified Muhlbauer, MICMAC is used to test the strength of the relationship between significant factors causing the potential hazard of pipeline failure. based on their influences and dependencies. The value of the dependency relationship between factors is determined from discussions with several pipeline experts in Indonesia, who work in related fields, the result is that there are three main factors that contribute major potential hazards, without being influenced by other factors, that is determining safety factors in the design process, depth pipeline and the existence of SOP in the pipeline system. One factor, namely depth, can be eliminated because there are government regulations requiring natural gas pipelines to be buried in the ground at a certain depth.
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