From the early past to the present, biotechnologies have produced the ability to genetically transform a wide variety of plant species. The plant transformation technologies have changed the face of agriculture and plant biology. Plant genetic transformation is one of the key technologies for crop improvement in addition to emerging approach for producing recombinant proteins in plants. Both plastid genomes and plant nuclear can be genetically modified. Until now, essential functional differences between the prokaryotic-like genome of the plastid and the eukaryotic genome of the plant cell nucleus will have an impact on characteristics of transgenic organism. Thus, the main goals are to generate transgenic plants with the traits of interest as well as minimizing the amount of transgenic DNA in plants while maximizing stability of gene expression and trait performance. In this review, two broad groups of gene delivery methods will be discussed namely, (bilogical and physical methods) and subsequently there applications for improving disease resistance will be discussed.
The effects of three day/night temperature regimes (15/10, 20/15, and 25/20 for 12/12 hr) on growth and development of ears in eight varieties of two groups of wheat (Local and Australian) Triticum aestivum L. wears studied in laboratory. The results showed that the spikelet number increased slightly by increasing temperature from 15/10 up to 20/15 c. Whereas, further increase in temperature decreased it in most varieties. the rate of spiklelet initiation was also enhanced, but almost the duration of the vegetative and spikelet phases and the apex length at flower initiation reduced in almost all varieties when the temperature was increased to 20/15 c. With further increase in temperature, the rate of spikelet initiation and apex length decreased in all varieties, but the duration of vegetative and spikelet phases either increased or slightly changed. In general, the superiority of Australian varieties was evident. Moreover, the correlation between some plant characters were shown.
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