Joko Widodo's victory in the 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election could be seen as a populist phenomenon. An outsider to Jakarta politics, Joko Widodo (Jokowi) beat the incumbent, Fauzi Bowo (Foke), who had received strong support from political parties. Using populism as an analytical tool, this paper argues that the following four factors enabled Jokowi to emerge as an alternative leader in Indonesia's capital: (1) social breakdown and declining capability of the government; (2) corrupt, draining political traditions and a negative image of political parties; (3) societal changes; and (4) the emergence of forms of political representation outside of traditional political institutions. Those situations led Jakarta voters to more easily accept Jokowi's offer – “New Jakarta” ( Jakarta Baru) – as a new identity against the established regime. Populism can help explain Jokowi's victory in the election, but also the leadership of his administration after he was elected.
The informal sector plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy as
well as in other developing countries. The role of the informal sector in
solving the unemployment problem of Third World countries has become the
focus of a conceptual and empirical debate in recent years. Most of the
research takes a favourable view of this sector and suggests that it should be
used as a policy instrument for the solution of the most pressing problems of
developing countries, such as unemployment, poverty, income inequalities,
etc. Before proceeding further, we will define the informal sector and
differentiate it from the formal sector. There are various definitions, but the
one given in an ILO report (1972) is generally considered the best. According
to this report, informal sector activities are ways of doing things characterised
by a heterogeneous array of economic activities with relative ease of entry,
reliance on indigenous resources; temporary or variable structure and family
ownership of enterprises, small scale of operation, labour intensive and
adapted technology, skills acquired outside the formal school system, not
depending on formal financial institutions for its credit needs; unregulated and
unregistered units, and not observing fixed hours/days of operation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.