The paper examines changes in the extent of poverty in Iran in the period 1983 to 1993. More specifically, it investigates the contributions of growth and redistribution factors to changes in poverty over this period of ten years. The analysis is based on household-level data relating to three Household Income and Expenditures Surveys of 1983Surveys of , 1988Surveys of , and 1993. The study reveals that the extent of poverty in the rural sector declined slightly, whereas in the urban sector it increased significantly. Decomposition of changes in poverty into growth and redistribution components indicates that in each sector the redistribution component was positive, implying that the deterioration of income inequality contributed to the worsening of poverty. The growth component, however, affected the two sectors differently: it contributed to a reduction in poverty in rural areas and an increase in urban areas.
Capital scarcity is known to be one of the main causes of many countries' entrapment in vicious cycle of poverty and underdevelopment. In addition, the existence of appropriate institutional quality has an impact on the poverty rates in these countries. This paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment and institutional quality (rule of law) on reducing poverty. To do so, a random effect panel econometric technique is applied using MENA countries' data for 2000-2009. The Human Development Index is used as an indicator of poverty reduction. The findings show that the foreign direct investment and appropriate institutional quality have significant positive effects on reducing poverty and Index Terms-Poverty, foreign direct investment, institutional quality, human development index
In this paper, a free boundary fractional Black‐Scholes (FBS) model of American put option pricing is investigated. To convert the free boundary FBS model to a model with known boundary condition, the quasi‐stationary method is applied, which leads to solvability of the American put option problem. Then, a nonstandard finite difference method and Grünwald‐Letnikov approximation are respectively used to approximate the derivatives with respect to stock price and time fractional derivative to get a fractional nonstandard finite difference problem. It is then shown that the proposed method is stable and convergent. The uniqueness of the approximate solution is also proved for the proposed method. Our numerical results indicate that the general physical conditions of American put option valuation formulas under the FBS model are satisfied.
Abstract-This article investigates the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC relationship between countries' environmental performance and per capita income for sixteen Islamic countries during 1990-2007. In this regard, at first the environmental efficiency and Malmquist environmental productivity is measured for each country. Then the relationship between countries' environmental performance and per capita income has been investigated by a dynamic model. The result shows that there is an inverted-U pattern between income and environmental degradation in th studied countries.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.