In deregulation, growth in electrical loads necessitates improving power delivery, while nondiscriminatory access to transmission grid is a requirement. Deregulation causes a significant rise in transactions, which requires adequate transfer capability to secure economic transactions. In sustainable power delivery, FACTS devices are deployed to enhance available transfer capability (ATC). However, the high investment cost of FACTS makes the problem formulation a multiobjective optimization: power transfer maximization and minimization of FACTS sizes. Furthermore, due to the complexity in optimizing the control variables of voltage source converter types of FACTS, often the solution results in local optima and high computational time. This paper proposes a hybrid of real power flow performance index sensitivity (∂P I) and particle swarm optimization (PI-PSO) to solve the multiobjective optimization of ATC maximization with minimum FACTS sizes using continuation power flow. ∂P I identifies some high-potential locations with enhanced ATC at minimum FACTS size to constitute the PSO's reduced search space. As ∂P I may exhibit masking effects, iterative nexponent and Newton's divided difference approaches are proposed to reduce masking. The proposed PI-PSO is implemented with a thyristor control series compensator and static synchronous series compensator for both bilateral and multilateral transactions. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed PI-PSO over PSO regarding convergence characteristics, avoidance of local optima, and superior ATC values.
An in-depth study of the harmonic orders inherent in a power system network is required before mitigation techniques are adopted. This paper studied the harmonic orders of the 33 kV Abuja Steel Feeder modeled as a harmonic source using measured data. Readings of kW, kVar, kV and Hz were obtained using power quality analyzer (PQube) to identify the trend and the harmonic unbalance on the feeder. Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software package was deployed to perform Discrete Fast Transform (DFT) while the input parameters were the resultant relative amplitudes and phase angles for both the current and voltage source models. The current source model spectrum of the feeder under study revealed that the 11 th and 13 th harmonic orders have the highest percentage of amplitude relative to the fundamental compared to the other harmonics. On the other hand, the voltage source model spectrum showed that the 14 th , 15 th , 16 th , 17 th , 32 nd , 33 rd and 34 th harmonic orders have higher percentage of relative amplitude. However, only the 3 rd and 5 th harmonic orders were found to cause severe harmonic distortion of voltage and current after harmonic analysis and frequency scan were performed on the ETAP platform.
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