Karbandi is an arched covering pattern in Persian architecture which provides the interior of a structure with a particular geometric elegance and integrates architecture and structure in the creation of a meaningful spaces. The use of these structures is highly demanded in contemporary Persian architecture but requires a creative, modern design and construction strategy in order to meet new requirements, since traditional methods for implementing them causes them to be applicable only on regular bases. Here the authors investigate a solution to broaden their use over irregular geometry. This paper also aims at determining the possibility of administrating Karbandi geometry in the boundaries of an irregular polygonal shape. The result of this paper shows that it is possible to calculate and implement a Karbandi geometry in irregular bases when some specific conditions are met. KeywordsKarbandi Á Karbandi geometry Á Cross-ribbed vaulting Á Vaults Á Persian architecture Á Islamic architecture This paper has been extracted from a research-based design project (Modern Method of Construction
Studies of historical buildings in Persian architecture have resulted in knowing a kind of masonry structure with a harmonic lattice geometry, which has been titled “Karbandi.” The most important and highly acclaimed feature of Karbandi is the correlation and coordination between its architectural and structural functions, which results in creating esthetic and meaningful spaces. The use of this structure is highly demanded in contemporary Persian architecture, but very little information about historical techniques survives to the present day and accordingly, there are ambiguities about its drawing and geometric design. Therefore, this research aims at discovering geometric relationships and principles of Karbandi to regulate and facilitate its design process in contemporary architecture. Toward this end, its historical samples were analyzed and their geometric features were found. As a consequence, the connection distance of dividing points on the circle is an important parameter for creating various types of Karbandi on a base. For instance, the height of a Karbandi and its elaboration are directly related to the connection distance. In addition, it was clarified that the height of a Karbandi and the size of its Shamseh are in an inverse relationship. Finally, a comprehensive classification was presented based on found geometric features.
Geometry is one of the main features in formation of Persian architecture. Research in Persian architecture geometry is impossible without familiar with geometry. This research tries to demonstrate the relationship between the progress of Persian architecture, geometry and mathematics evolution. In this regard, seeks to address the following questions: What is the relationship between the progress of Persian architecture and geometry evolution? To this end first, a detailed survey is conducted on the Persian Architecture and Mathematicians in the pre-Islamic and Islamic History. The Persian empires and dynasties are analyzed and chronologically organized to determine the evolution of mathematics and geometry impacts on the formation and development of Persian architecture. The research hypothesis is that evolution of mathematics and geometry, have a direct impact on the formation and development of Iranian architecture. This study depicts by development of mathematic geometric, Persian architecture has progressed and With the Fading communication between mathematicians and architects, manufacturing techniques of buildings has deteriorated.
This study investigated the emerging progressive use of ornamental art in the landscape architecture of Kazakhstan and determined the influence of symbolism on the quality of new urban environments. The study analysed the existing recreational facilities in Kazakhstan in order to establish their symbolic meaning, the level of utilisation of symbolic ornaments, and the socio-economic factors that influence the design structure of landscape elements. The results revealed that symbolic meanings of the ornaments stem from historic, legal and cultural traditions of different ethnic groups in Kazakhstan. Therefore, the form depends on not only the topography of the area, but also the traditional symbolism and numerology. This study categorised the studied places according to their size: large gardens, small squares and small landscape forms. Taking into account the natural and climatic features of Kazakhstan, small landscape forms acquire the quality of arid zone gardens. However, lack of identity and consistency appears to be a major problem in design of larger scale landscapes. This article posits that coordination between socio-economic and historical-cultural factors will open new creative opportunities for the development of an original landscape architecture in Kazakhstan, yet balance between environmental construction and contextually meaningful urban planning will still be needed.
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