Mechanistic studies of the aromatic hydroxylation by high-valent iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin pi-cation radicals revealed that the aromatic oxidation involves an initial electrophilic attack on the pi-system of the aromatic ring to produce a tetrahedral radical or cationic sigma-complex. The mechanism was proposed on the basis of experimental results such as a large negative Hammett rho value and an inverse kinetic isotope effect. By carrying out isotope labeling studies, the oxygen in oxygenated products was found to derive from the iron-oxo porphyrin intermediates.

Abstract-Context-awareness of mobile applications yields several issues for testing, since the mobile applications should be testable in any environment and with any contextual input. In previous studies of testing for Android applications as eventdriven systems, many researchers have focused on using the generated test cases considering only GUI events. However, it is difficult to detect failures in the changes in the context in which applications run. It is important to consider various contexts since the mobile applications adapt and use novel features and sensors of mobile devices. In this paper, we provide the method of systematically generating various executing contexts from permissions. By referring the lists of permissions, the resources that the applications use for running Android applications can be inferred easily. The various contexts of an application can be generated by permuting resource conditions, and the permutations of the contexts are prioritized. We have evaluated the usefulness and effectiveness of our method by showing that our method contributes to detect faults.

During the development and maintenance of ObjectOriented (OO)

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