-The geographic relationships and biogeography of Apis cerana have been studied extensively, but Korean populations have not been investigated thoroughly. We sequenced the non-coding region between the tRNA Leu and COII mitochondrial (mt) genes (herein named NC2) of Korean samples, along with the samples from seven Asian localities (China, Vietnam, and Thailand). Four undiscovered haplotypes were found in Korea and China, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Korean A. cerana belonged to the Mainland Asian group. Dominance of Japan1 haplotype in Mainland Asia including Korea suggests extensive gene flow and a common genetic origin. A newly developed non-coding region between the tRNA Met and tRNA Gln mt genes (named NC1) provided nine haplotypes with twice the number of variable positions compared to those in NC2. A NC1-based phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of two phylogenetic groups in Apis cerana from Korea suggesting two different sources.genetic relationships / Asian cavity-nesting honey bee / Apis cerana / mitochondrial DNA / non-coding sequence
In this study, the 17,694-bp long complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the dwarf honeybee, Apis florea (Hymenoptera: Apidae), was described, and a noteworthy triplicated tRNA(ser)(AGN) region and an extraordinary long A+T-rich region with repeat regions were identified. The gene arrangement of A. florea mitogenome was identical to that of Apis mellifera, but it contained three tRNA(Ser)(AGN), each of which was preceded by a 44-bp-long repeat unit and followed by a 64-bp-long repeat unit plus one complete first repeat adjacent to tRNA(Met). A total of 1610-bp long two repeat regions in 1987-bp long A+T-rich region were composed of nearly identical 141-219-bp long 5 tandem repeats and 50-52-bp long 12 tandem repeats that were encompassed by three non-repeat sequences. One potential explanation for this repeat sequence is slipped-strand mispairing and unequal crossing-over events during DNA replication.
The mountainous duskywing, Erynnis montanus, belongs to a lepidopteran family Hesperiidae. The 15,530-bp long complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the species has the typical gene content of animals (13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one major non-coding A+T-rich region). As typical in lepidopteran mitogenome E. montanus mitogenome also contained a high A/T content in the whole genome (81.7%) and the CGA (arginine) as the start codon for the COI gene. Unlike other lepidopteran species, including two sequenced skippers, the E. montanus mitogenome has a unique arrangement tRNA(Ser)-tRNA(Asn), instead of the tRNA(Asn)-tRNA(Ser) found unanimously in other lepidopteran species, providing a new gene arrangement in Lepidoptera. Such rearrangement probably was likely caused by duplication of gene block tRNA(Ser)-tRNA(Asn) and subsequent random loss of tRNA(Asn) in the first copy and tRNA(Ser) in the second copy, resulting in the arrangement tRNA(Ser)-tRNA(Asn).
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