Background: Sodium intakes of different populations around the world became of interest after a positive correlation was drawn between dietary sodium intake and prevalence of hypertension. Sri Lanka has adopted a salt reduction strategy to combat high blood pressure in the population with escalation of non-communicable diseases. Objective: To measure intake of salt, potassium and sodium/potassium ratio of adults in urban and rural settings. Design: A community based study of 328 adults between 30-59 years, including equal numbers from urban and rural sectors. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Blood pressure was measured by a standardized automated measurement system and the mean of two readings was used for analysis. 24-hour urine was collected and measured for creatinine, sodium, potassium levels. Results: Mean daily salt consumption was 8.3g (95%CI:7.9,8.8), which is 1.6 times higher than WHO recommendation. Mean daily potassium intake was 1,265g (95%CI:1191.0,1339.3), which is 2.8 times lower and sodium/potassium ratio was 4.3 (95%CI:4.2,4.5), which is 7 times higher than WHO recommendation. Daily salt consumption was significantly higher in males (9.0g;95%CI:8.3,9.8) than females (7.7g;95%CI:7.2,8.2); rural (8.9g;95%CI:8.2-9.6,) than urban (7.7g;95%CI:7.2,8.3) with increasing body mass index (8.2g;95%CI:6.1,10.2 to 10.0g;95%CI:8.5,11.6). Systolic blood pressure was significantly positively correlated with high BMI and waist circumference. Conclusions: High salt consumption, low potassium intake and high sodium/potassium ratio was found in this population. This information can be used to set targets to reduce salt intake in the population. Need to create awareness to enhance the consumption of potassium rich food while reducing salt intake to minimize future NCD burden.
Background: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in an urban and rural population in Sri Lanka. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in 3 health areas selected randomly, one in rural and 2 in urban. In each sector, 180 adults between 30-59 years equally from both sexes were included. Blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference were measured in each participant. Fasting blood samples were taken to assess plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin and HbA1C. Insulin resistance was detected by the homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR). Results: From total 345 participants, 46.1% were men and 52.9% women. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 25.8% (23.9% in men and 27.4% in women; P = 0.27). Prevalence of each component of MetS in studied population was: 62.9% for central obesity, 28.1% for high TG, 35.9% for low HDL, 40% for high BP, 18.8% for high FPG, 3.9% for high HbA1C, 44.1% for overweight and 9.3% for obesity. Hypeinsulinaemia and insulin resistance was 26.9% and 22.3% respectively. Age, high BMI, waist circumference, FPG, TG, BP, HbA1C, insulin and low HDL significantly higher with subjects with MetS (P = 0.000). Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance was significantly higher in rural sector, obese, centrally obese, high BP and high TG subjects. Conclusion: One fourth of study population had metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome was strongly associated with hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance. Need urgent action to reduce risk in developing type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in this population.
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