Se realizaron muestreos en la época de sequía y de lluvias, en 3 sitios ubicados en diferentes cotas altitudinales, con vegetación y textura de suelo particulares. Mediante el uso de necrotrampas, coprotrampas, trampas de fruta, trampas de luz y recolecta directa se registró un total de 1,300 individuos de 16 géneros y 25 especies. Se registraron cambios significativos en la abundancia y diversidad entre las 2 épocas de recolecta, encontrando mayor diversidad en la época de secas. La similitud de la comunidad de escarabajos entre épocas fue baja. La abundancia de los escarabajos copronecrófagos fue significativamente diferente entre sitios. El sitio de menor altitud mostró menor similitud en la composición de especies en relación con los sitios de mayor altitud. Los escarabajos fitófagos fueron analizados únicamente en los sitios con menor y mayor altitud, donde presentaron diferencias significativas en su abundancia y diversidad, además de una baja similitud en la composición de especies. Derechos Reservados © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
Coleoptera is the largest and diverse group of organisms, but few studies are dedicated to determine the diversity and feeding guilds of saproxylic Coleoptera. We demonstrate the diversity, abundance, feeding guilds, and succession process of Coleoptera associated with decaying wood in a tropical deciduous forest in the Mixteca Poblana, Mexico. Decaying wood was sampled and classified into four stages of decay, and the associated Coleoptera. The wood was identified according to their anatomy. Diversity was estimated using the Simpson index, while abundance was estimated using a Kruskal-Wallis test; the association of Coleoptera with wood species and decay was assessed using canonical correspondence analysis. Decay wood stage I is the most abundant (51%), followed by stage III (21%). We collected 93 Coleoptera belonging to 14 families, 41 genera, and 44 species. The family Cerambycidae was the most abundant, with 29% of individuals, followed by Tenebrionidae with 27% and Carabidae with 13%. We recognized six feeding guilds. The greatest diversity of Coleoptera was recorded in decaying Acacia farnesiana and Bursera linanoe. Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated that the abundance of Coleoptera varied according to the species and stage of decay of the wood. The canonical analysis showed that the species and stage of decay of wood determined the composition and community structure of Coleoptera.
El género Zanthoxylum L. es de los más diversos de la familia Rutaceae. Se calcula que existen alrededor de 200 especies en el mundo (Reynel, 1995;Kallunki, 2004). Aunque no existe una monografía del género, Kallunki (2004) estima que la mayoría de las especies se distribuyen en Centroamérica y que son, principalmente, de distribución tropical. En la actualidad, la información sobre estudios de distribución geográfica realizados con este género es escasa. Reynel (1995) propuso 4 zonas de distribución en América: A) andino-amazónica: que abarca Colombia y Perú, con aproximadamente 24 especies; B) México con 17 especies, considerado éste como un centro de diversificación del género; C) española (Haití y República Dominicana) con 17 especies, que asociadas con las de Cuba suman 21 especies; D) sureste de Brasil con 15 especies. Recientemente Beurton (2000) menciona que en las Antillas existen hasta 45 especies y que más del 50% son endémicas.
Leaf architecture of Rhus s.str. (Anacardiaceae)With 4 Figures, 3 Tables and one Appendix Summary A comprehensive leaf architecture study of 31 species of Rhus s.str. was conducted to describe and identify characters of potential value for assessing infrageneric relationships. The first detailed leaf descriptions for Rhus subgenera are provided and show that cleared leaves revealed craspedodromous, eucamptodromous, and cladodromous venation types in the species studied. There was a diversity of terminal idioblasts associated with free simple or branched veinlets, and a unique combination of leaf organization, venation type, terminal idioblasts, and crystals allowed identification of subgenera and sections. Within the genus, species with toothed deciduous compound leaves exhibit a tendency to mostly craspedodromous venation with weakly sclerified tertiary veins and poorly developed terminal idioblasts; species with simple or compound evergreen leaves show mostly eucamptodromous and cladodromous venation with sclerified bundle sheath cells towards fifth-order veins and well-developed terminal idioblasts. IntroductionThe genus Rhus has a long taxonomic history. DE CANDOLLE (1825) (Table 1). Under the influence of the wood anatomy and pollen morphology study by HEIMSCH (1940), BARKLEY (1940BARKLEY ( , 1942BARKLEY ( , 1957 segregated Duckera (section Melanocarpae of ENGLER) and Searsia (section Gerontogeae of ENGLER) from Rhus (Table 1). Following these proposals, various authors have preferred to recognize the genus Rhus s.l. (GILLIS 1961;BRIZICKY 1963). In more recent works, some authors (YOUNG 1975;MILLER et al. 2001;YI et al. 2004) have agreed with the segregation of genera sensu BARKLEY, as well as with the circumscription of Rhus s.str. into the subgenera Rhus and Lobadium, which correspond to Sumac and Schmaltzia of BARKLEY (1937), and have accepted a smaller number of species. YOUNG (1975) recognized the genus Rhus s. str. as defined by red or reddish fruits with glandular trichomes. Ten species are grouped into the subgenus Rhus: four are distributed in Eastern Asia, four in North America, one in Southeastern Europe, and one in Hawaii. Species of this subgenus have deciduous imparipinnate compound leaves; flowers appear after leaves and occur in terminal thyrses; and each flower is subtended by a linear-lanceolate, caducous bract (BARKLEY 1937;YOUNG 1974
The genus Stenanona comprises 15 species distributed from Mexico to Colombia. Stenanona flagelliflora is the only species in which the reproductive structures are found on the flagellum, a unique phenomenon in the flora of Mexico. Our objective is to recognize and describe anatomical features of flowers and fruits that contribute to the systematics of the species. We collected floral buds in three different stages of development (buds I, II, and III), flowers at anthesis, and immature and mature fruits in the ecological reserve of the ejido Adolfo López Mateos, Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico; the samples were fixed in formalin-acetic acid-alcohol (FAA), cut, stained, and mounted using conventional histological techniques. The receptacle has numerous vascular bundles distributed in two cylinders: the perianth is trimerous; it has 32 stamens arranged in four whorls; the anthers have a deltoidshaped extension of connective tissue; the gynoecium has 5-7 free carpels. Bud II showed a bitegmic and crassinucellate ovule with four layers of the outer integument and two of the inner integument, an ovary with trichomes on the outer epidermis and reduced style, and anthers in different stages of development. Bud III showed epidermis with bulliform cells in the style and stigma. The fruit is of berry type; the ripe fruit shows longitudinal series of fibers across the mesocarp. The endosperm is ruminate; the embryo is small and undifferentiated. These features are common in the Annonaceae family; however, the number of integumentary layers in the ovule and the presence of papillae on the style and stigma are novel characters.
Background: This study is the first to examine the inflorescence, and the staminate and pistillate flowers of the Mexican beech, an endangered-relict tropical montane cloud tree species. Questions: Are there morphological and anatomical differences in Mexican beech's inflorescence and flowers in comparison with other beech species worldwide? Study species: Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana (Martínez) A.E. Murray) Study site and dates: Five Mexican beech stands from eastern Mexico, early February to early March 2017 and 2020. Methods: 400 Mexican beech floral buds and immature pistillate and staminate flowers in anthesis were collected and processed by light microscopy analysis and the pollen by scanning electron microscopy. Results: We found floral morphology and anatomy differences of this southernmost American beech species regarding the New- and Old-World taxa. We found that the inflorescence morphology of the Mexican beech is similar to some Asian beeches such as F. hayatae subsp. pashanica, F. lucida and F. longipetiolata. Notwithstanding, the staminate and pistillate flowers' anatomy is similar to that of F. grandifolia from Canada and the United States of America, F. sylvatica from Europe and F. crenata from Japan. Conclusions: The inflorescence and floral anatomical and morphological differences can be explained by possible hybridizations. Since only the pistillate and staminate flowers of F. sylvatica and F. grandifolia have been studied in detail, morphological, molecular and ecological studies of the Asian beech species are needed to achieve a better understanding of the floral morphology and anatomical evolution of these species and their relationship with the Mexican beech.
ResumenEl cambio en las condiciones ambientales y el grado de perturbación antropogénica afectan las comunidades de visitadores florales. Así, se identificó y caracterizó la comunidad de visitadores florales de Bursera copallifera, en Jolalpan, Puebla, México, considerando cambios en variables ambientales (temperatura, humedad y altitud) y factores asociados con un gradiente de perturbación. Se usó un índice multimétrico cuantitativo para medir la perturbación en 13 zonas de la localidad. Se seleccionaron 3 sitios en un gradiente de perturbación, donde se recolectaron los visitantes florales. Se registró un total de 66 especies, pertenecientes a 25 familias, repartidas en 5 órdenes. Los órdenes con mayor abundancia fueron Hymenoptera y Coleoptera. La temperatura y la humedad fueron significativamente diferentes entre horarios y sitios, y en conjunto con los factores de perturbación, afectaron la estructura y dinámica de la comunidad de visitadores florales. El sitio más perturbado fue significativamente menos diverso, pero más abundante en insectos. Apis mellifera fue la especie más abundante en el sitio más perturbado, aunque debido a la variación de altitud entre sitios, el efecto de la perturbación no fue claramente establecido. La gran diversidad de insectos encontrados mostraron la importancia de Bursera copallifera en este tipo de ecosistemas.
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