SUMMARY:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and virulence factors of Shigella species isolated from patients with diarrhea. Shigella species were isolated from 1,022 stool samples collected from different hospitals in Rosario, Argentina. The isolates were characterized using phenotypic tests, serotyping, and detection of virulence genes by PCR. One hundred strains (9.8z of samples collected) of Shigella were isolated. Shigella flexneri was the most frequently identified species (74z), followed by S. sonnei (26z). S. flexneri was also the predominant species isolated from children aged 6-14 years. These clinical strains of Shigella were then tested for the presence of ipaH, virA, ial, sen, and set using specific primers. virA was present in all strains, whereas ipaH was detected in 98z of strains and ial in 83z. sen was found in 71.6z of S. flexneri and 42.3z of S. sonnei isolates, and 41.9z of S. flexneri isolates were positive for set. Furthermore, 32.4z of S. flexneri isolates were positive for both set and sen. This study provides data on the prevalence and distribution of diverse Shigella strains.
Ten bacteriophages with lytic activity against Shigella flexneri were tested for their resistance to physicochemical conditions found in food matrices. Phage viability and activity were evaluated at different temperatures, pH values, and NaCl concentrations.In addition, challenge tests with each individual phage against ATCC 12022 were conducted to evaluate their use as biocontrol agents. Although phages showed high resistance up to 60°C, Shi30, Shi33, and Shi93 showed higher thermal resistance (70°C).The ten phages endured pH treatments, being more resistant to alkaline conditions. The NaCl concentrations evaluated showed no significant influence on phage counts. Furthermore, challenge tests against ATCC 12022 resulted in significant CFU ml −1 reductions. The results showed that the phages evaluated were resistant to a wide range of temperatures and pH and to all the concentrations of NaCl tested. Therefore, the phages evaluated in this study could potentially be used with biocontrol purposes in various food matrices prior further characterization.Novelty impact statement: Ten newly isolated phages against the foodborne pathogen Shigella flexneri remained viable after different physicochemical treatments. Furthermore, their activity was maintained after thermal and chemical treatments. Also, the ten phages were effective against pathogenic Shigella flexneri strains in challenge tests.
El presente artículo pretende compartir reflexiones e interrogantes que surgieron de las prácticas profesionales de quinto año de la licenciatura en Trabajo Social, realizadas en el Servicio Público Provincial de Defensa Penal durante el año 219. Para el planteo de este escrito tomamos como referencia cinco casos de jóvenes varones, cuyas edades oscilan entre 18 y 25 años, imputados por delitos de baja escala penal, que cumplieron o cumplen prisión preventiva en unidades penitenciarias de máxima seguridad (N° 1 de Coronda y N° 11 de Piñero) de la provincia de Santa Fe. El objetivo es delinear algunos análisis preliminares acerca de cómo la condición social de ser sujetos nombrados “en situación de calle”, puede constituirse en un factor crítico para que la instancia de investigación en el proceso penal se transite en prisión. Parecería que el no contar con un domicilio, se interpreta como falta de arraigo y luego ambas se presumen como un peligro de fuga o de entorpecimiento de la investigación. En función de lo evaluado en nuestras experiencias de prácticas, podemos sostener que los principios que rigen la aplicación de la prisión preventiva se ven afectados en el proceso penal de los jóvenes, de tal forma que la restricción de la libertad ambulatoria resulta desmedida. En estos casos, desde Trabajo Social aportamos estrategias de intervención, en el marco de propuestas de excarcelaciones o medidas alternativas, recuperando los relatos y trayectorias de vida de los jóvenes para garantizar el acceso a derechos y políticas sociales.
Background:Acute diarrheal diseases constitute a world public health problem because they are the second cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Colloidal bismuth hydroxide gel (CBHG) is an active ingredient in low-cost, antidiarrhetic drugs for oral use; it does not inhibit intestinal motility, and it features very low intestinal absorption of <1%.Materials and Methods:We analyzed the sensitivity by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC); the effect on bacterial growth by studying the specific growth velocity and the generation time in growth curves; and bacterial attachment by counting viable plaques, of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, shigatoxigenic E. coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Shigella flexneri in the commercial cream (Chobet® bismuth cream with pectin [CBCHP]), its active ingredient (CBHG), and its excipients (E) separately.Results:CBCHP: MIC 6–10 mg/ml and MBC 7.5–15 mg/ml of bismuth; CBHG: MIC 6–10 mg/ml of bismuth. E: No inhibition was observed at the concentration studied in this study. At very low subinhibitory concentrations of CBCHP and CBHG, there was already evidence of a significant decrease in growth, which could not be recorded for E. CBCHP and CBHG presented an elevated capacity for bacterial displacement, significantly greater than E.Conclusions:We believed that the results obtained in this study are very promising from the treatment standpoint, as a possible treatment for cases of diagnosis or suspicion of bacterial gastroenteritis. The antimicrobial and attachment effects of CBCHP are exclusively due to its active ingredient CBHG; these effects are promoted in the presence of E.
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