Nine terracotta bricks and brick fragments, containing incised drawings of different types of buildings, were discovered at the large Muara Jambi temple complex in eastern Sumatra. Likely dating from between the second half of the ninth and the first half of the fourteenth centuries, these bricks contain the oldest graphic representations of Sumatran architecture. While two of these designs have been previously published, the brick images have not been thoroughly analyzed in order to determine what new light they shed on the domestic architecture and building traditions of early lowland Sumatran settlements. To address this lacuna, we analyze the bricks and their archaeological context in order to interpret when the images were made, who created the images, the purpose behind them, the types of architecture depicted on the bricks, and the reasons behind the diversity of building types represented. Having argued that the majority of bricks shows domestic architecture reflecting a variety of cultural influences, we conclude by suggesting that the presence of such images supports the scholarly view that Muara Jambi was a multiethnic trading community.

ObjectiveTo observe the changes in blood pressure (BP) over 10 years and to investigate current BP association to serum uric acid (SUA) levels and cardiovascular risk factors in the epidemiological data of a target group of patients with prehypertension in 2007.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingMlati Subdistrict, Sleman District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.ParticipantsA total of 733 patients from ‘Mlati Study Database’ in 2007 were selected by simple random sampling using statistical software. Subjects had both physical and laboratory examinations.Outcome measuresMorning home BP and laboratory examination of urine (uric acid excretion and creatinine) and blood samples (SUA, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, a lipid profile and fasting blood glucose levels).ResultsAbout 31.1% of 733 subjects with prehypertension became hypertensive after 10 years, 24.6% returned to normal tension and the rest of it remained in prehypertensive state. Mean (SD) of SUA levels in 2017 was significantly higher in men than in women (5.78 (1.25) mg/dL vs 4.52 (1.10) mg/dL, p<0.001). Furthermore, men tended to have high-normal (5–7 mg/dL) or high SUA levels (≥7 mg/dL) compared with women (p<0.001, Relative Risk (RR)=2.60). High-normal and high SUA levels in population with a history of prehypertension were significantly associated with current prehypertension and hypertension only in women (p=0.001, RR=1.21). Age and body mass index was found to be significantly associated with both systolic and diastolic BP in men, but only with systolic BP in women. Fasting blood glucose and SUA levels were significantly associated with systolic and diastolic BP only in women.ConclusionWe concluded that after 10 years, of 733 subjects with prehypertension, 31.1% became hypertensive. The SUA levels in men are significantly higher than those in women. Moreover, high-normal and high SUA levels were significantly associated with prehypertension and hypertension in women but not in men.

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Background: Serum uric acid levels have been reported to be associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertension events. It is needed to determine the prognostic serum uric acid (SUA) cut-off point to prevent the incidents of prehypertension and hypertension. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving a total of 733 participants who a had history of prehypertension in 2007. These participants were selected from “Mlati Study Database” in 2007 by simple random sampling using statistical software. Participants underwent both physical and laboratorical examination. Data were analyzed based on JNC 7 and ACC/AHA 2017 guideline. Results: Based on JNC 7 classification, the analysis using ROC curve showed that the prognostic SUA cut-off point of 4.85 mg/dL was able to indicate the incidents of prehypertension or hypertension in the database (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.532-0.629, p=0.001). Additional analysis using ACC/AHA 2017 guideline as the blood pressure classification was also performed for comparison. Based on ACC/AHA 2017 classification, the ROC curved showed a slightly higher SUA cut-off points than the previous analysis using JNC 7. The prognostic SUA cut-off point of 4.95 mg/dL was able to indicate the events of hypertension stage 1 and stage 2 in the database (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.532-0.615, p=0.001). These results were parallel with the previous study which reported that SUA cut-off points of 5-7 mg/dL (high-normal SUA) and ≥7 mg/dL (high SUA) were associated with the incidents of prehypertension and hypertension. Conclusion: The new SUA cut-off points may be used as an early warning for the development of prehypertension and hypertension in the future.