The specific heat of aqueous graphene+Al 2 O 3 (1:1) hybrid nanofluid was measured using the cooling method. The influence of nanoparticle mass fraction and temperature on the specific heat capacity of the hybrid nanofluids was investigated, the specific heat of the hybrid nanofluid was compared with that of aqueous graphene oxide nanofluid and Al 2 O 3 nanofluid. A fitted formula of the specific heat of the hybrid nanofluid was proposed based on the experimental data. It indicates that the specific heat reduction ratio increases with increase of nanoparticle fraction; the maximum reduction ratio is 7% at 0.15wt% at 20 °C. The mass fraction of nanoparticle affects the specific heat of hybrid nanofluid more significantly at lower temperature. Temperature impacts the specific heat more distinctly than the nanoparticle fraction. The specific heat increases with temperature and the maximum specific heat reduction ratio of the hybrid nanofluid diminishes from 7 % at 20 °C to 2% at 70 °C at the mass fraction of 0.05%.
ABSTRAKKeamanan penggunaan sebuah produk kendaraan bus merupakan kebutuhan yang wajib, untuk itu diberlakukan suatu regulasi berbentuk standar yang harus dipenuhi oleh produk. Salah satu standar yang dijadikan acuan untuk penentuan kelayakan kendaraan bus adalah Australian Desaign Rule (ADR). Didalam standar ini diatur tentang kekuatan minimum yang harus dipenuhi sebuah sambungan pada komponen struktur kendaraan antara hoop pillar dan floor bearer yang diketahui melalui proses uji. Untuk mengurangi resiko kegagalan saat uji sambungan maka perlu dilakukan desain untuk membuat suatau sambungan yang tepat. Berkaitan memenuhi kebutuhan langkah desain sambungan yang tepat maka dilakukan suatu penelitian, dimana penelitian ini fokus pada penggunaan solidworks sebagai salah satu software elemen hingga untuk analisa kekuatan sambungan. Untuk mendapatkan alur desain dengan solidworks yang optimal, maka dilakukan penelitian yang dimulai dari pemodelan bentuk sambungan, pemilihan konstrain, memasukan jenis material, pemilihan jenis meshing, metode peletakan beban dan iterasi. Keluaran hasil analisa sambungan dengan solidworks selanjutnya di validasi dengan pengujia pada spesimen. Berdasarkan hasil uji validasi menunjukan bahwa langkah-langkah disain yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini sudah benar, terbukti dari hasil simulasi sambungan dimana pada saat model sambungan diberi beban 1000 N maka terjadi defleksi sebesar 14,14 mm, sangat mendekati defleksi yang terjadi saat uji validasi yaitu sebesar 14 mm.. Kata kunci: hoop pillar, floor bearer, solidworks, finite element.
ABSTRACTIn order to ensure the safety of the bus structure, It's structure specification must conform to any standard or regulation. One of standard that is used as a reference for the determination of the feasibility of a bus structure is the Australian Design Rule. This standard is set about the minimum strength that must be fulfilled a connection on the vehicle structure components such as waist rail and pillar. The connection strength of hoop pillar and floor bearer are known through the testing. To reduce the risk of failure during connection test, it should be designed the appropriate connection. The research is done to obtain the best design step to meet the needs of the appropriate connection design. This research focuses on the use of solidworks as one of the finite element software for structure strength analysis. To get the optimal design of solidworks, the research following steps starting from modeling of connection, constrain selection, input of material, selection of meshing type, loading method and iteration. The solidworks output of the connection analysis is validated by the test on the specimen. Based on the results of validation test show that the design steps generated in this research is correct, as evidenced from the simulation results when connection model is loaded 1000 N then deflection is 14,14 mm, this simulation result is close to deflection that occurred during the validation test that is 14 mm.
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