Banyak pandangan yang menyebutkan bahwa etnisitas merupakan penghambat untuk kesatuan dan persatuan. Hal penting yang menjadi tantangan ke depan adalah mendudukkan variasi etnik sebagai bentuk kemajemukan bangsa yang mendukung persatuan negara. Dengan menggunakan data Sensus Penduduk di Indonesia, yakni Sensus Penduduk 1930, Sensus Penduduk 2000 dan Sensus Penduduk 2010, tulisan ini mencoba mengungkapkan dinamika etnis di Indonesia dalam perspektif historis. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan dinamika perkembangan etnik di Indonesia serta melihat bahwa keanekaragaman etnik tersebut dapat menjadi tantangan dan pemacu dalam persatuan negara. Melalui masyarakat multikultural yang saling menghargai perbedaan kebudayaan, akan dapat tercipta masyarakat yang memiliki pandangan, jiwa, dan tujuan yang sama. Selain itu, perwujudan dari perkembangan etnik di Indonesia juga harus disertai dengan adanya dukungan kebijakan pemerintah yang tidak hanya memihak pada golongan mayoritas saja karena asas yang dikedepankan adalah persamaan dan menghargai hak atas perbedaan kebudayaan.
Informal economy at long standing cannot be denied from thourough economic development in Indonesia. The informal sector has established since at the beginning of national development. Unideal structural transformation that was happened also becoming a triggering factor for mushrooming this sector. The existence of informal sector indeed has provided abundant employment opportunity. For most urban and rural job seekers, informal sector has become main job alternatives. This fact has globally emerging at macro economic development. Unsurprisingly, the economical prospect of this sector has enabled people to acheieve better standard of living. Based on Susenas data, this article focuses on the dynamic of informal sector related to its prospect, progress over time, and position in economic development.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global multidimensional crisis, one of its impacts being the crisis on the informal economy. This paper presents a review of the effects of this pandemic on the informal economy, coupled with empirical evidence based on surveys conducted in Indonesia. Data used in this study was collected by an online survey during the pandemic. Theoretically, there are two points of view about the informal economy roles during a crisis: optimistic views that see informal economy survive in a crisis and pessimistic views that see the ongoing informal economy continue to suffer losses and also informal workers as vulnerable groups during a crisis. The research also discussed the impacts of the crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic on informal employments and incomes, readiness in dealing with the pandemic, and the livelihood conditions of informal workers. The crisis as a result of this pandemic provides a new experience for the informal sector in dealing with the crisis. The informal sector is not always a hero during the crisis but rather an alternative sector that offers business flexibility.
Based on a survey of 325 street vendors in Yogyakarta Special Region that was conducted by the Population Studies Center of Gadjah Mada University, this study would like to analyze the contribution of income and prospect of the informal sector on household economy. It was found that earning in the informal sector constitutes the source of household income. Most street vendors said that income in the informal sector would help them improve on the household economic status. Working as a street vendor is a good choice. It has a good prospect and can be developed in the future.This research has also shown that the informal sector is capable to survive in the crisis. Caused by more flexibility, the number of people absorbed in the informal sector are even able to earn higher incomes. This implies that providing access to informal sector with such a high commitment of both government and non- governmental institutions, it is one important policy in helping them have better conditions in a economic household. Accordingly, it will in turn have an impact on increasing the economic scale of the informal sector.
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