This paper proposes an approach to estimate the probable location of maximum exposure to electromagnetic fields associated with a radiocommunication station, based only on information of antenna's height, half-power angle and tilt. This approach can be implemented when simulation tools are absent, or/and few basic information on radiating system is available. The proposed analytical expression is compared with simulated and real measured data, showing the good accuracy of the proposed technique. The focus of the work are base stations, however the results may be applicable to any radiocommunication station. As far as the authors know, this is the first study to present a mathematical formulation in closed form under the considered constraints.
The sixth generation of mobile communication (6G) systems is recently rising a lot of interest, introducing new futuristic and challenging use cases that will demand much more than just communications to become a reality. Higher throughput, lower latencies, higher number of connections will push the requirement of the future mobile networks to a new level, but also sensing, positioning and imaging will play an important role in the new foreseen use cases. The integration of techniques developed for wireless communications with those conceived for optical links will be essential to provide the infrastructure for the 6G networks. In this context, this paper presents a review on wireless and optical convergent access solutions towards the 6G systems. The manuscript brings the use cases, requirements and enablers for 6G networks including a discussion about the state-of-the-art on THz and sub-THz communications, wireless and optical convergence, visible light communication, integrated and free-space optics, new antenna designs, powerover-fiber deployments and the use of machine learning in the physical layer of future networks. By reviewing the most relevant contributions available in the literature for wireless and optical communications and presenting their main contributions, this paper clearly shows that, more than a technological trend, the convergence of wireless and optical technologies is a fundamental step towards the development of the 6G network infrastructure.
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