The Idea of maritime upbringing in the Polish maritime sociology Communist times Many politicians, writers and scholars during communist times popularised the idea that Polish people had for ages been associated both physically (by geographical location) and mentally with the Baltic Sea, i.e. were always under the influence of sea 1. It was also very much emphasized in the literature of those days that Polish access to the sea was always threatened by German territorial expansion 2. That is why Poles should cultivate their belonging to the sea people in order to strengthen their position in the seaside area. In 1946 State Centre for Maritime Upbringing was established as a body of Ministry of Seafaring. In its statute it is stated that: 'maritim e upbringing means shaping a type of citizen, a man of work and dead comprehending maritime reality, having knowledge on labour in seafaring and port and willing to work there because of real and tested love and understanding'. The lessons of maritime upbringing are conducted because of the need to win 'healthy' selected staff to operate in the maritime economy, especially merchant navy and deep-sea fishing 3 .The need of maritime education was during the communist times strengthened by the threads of lowering of attractiveness of work at sea. Many observations shows that work at sea becomes more attractive only during the period of higher unemployment and lack of alternative of work on land. Historically speaking the work on deep-sea vessel was frequently associated with forced labour. The profession of a seafarer despite the fact that it was a typically male occupation through centuries exhibited rather low social status. Therefore in communist Poland a system of material and non-material incentives was developed to motivate young people to choose this tough 'nautical' path of life. Material factors are most of all access to foreign currencies (money of real value) and to goods which could be purchased thanks to them and which were unavailable in Poland. The non-material factors were shaped within the frames of 'maritime upbringing'. The labour at sea required high qualifications from one hand and the renouncement of social contacts and possibility of free organization of one's leisure time 4. It was predicted that these needs difficult to be met at sea
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W artykule podjęto zagadnienie struktur procesowych w autobiografii Alice Salomon i relacji między biograficzną i kolektywną trajektorią. Poza wstępnymi informacjami o samej pionierce pracy socjalnej w Niemczech i jej międzynarodowej karierze w organizacjach ruchu kobiecego w artykule zamieszczono analizę struktur procesowych w jej autobiografii wraz z inspiracjami teoretycznymi, uwagami metodologicznymi oraz danymi o samym tekście. W przeciwieństwie do analizy autobiograficznych wypowiedzi Rudolpha Hössa zamieszczonej w trzech artykułach M. Czyżewskiego i A. Rokuszewskiej-Pawełek, które stanowiły tu do pewnego stopnia wzorzec konstrukcji wywodu, analiza autobiografii Alice Salomon pozwala dostrzec taką sytuację, kiedy trajektoria kolektywna nie pochłania jednostki, ale powoduje, że buduje ona swoją tożsamość przy pomocy np. projektów biograficznych pomimo doświadczania cierpienia związanego z trajektorią zbiorową. W porównaniu autobiografii R.Hössa i A.Salomon próbowano wskazać na złożoność losów narodu niemieckiego okresu nazizmu.
The article presents sport shooting in Poland against a socio-political background. First, Polish society after the anti-communist breakthrough is diagnosed as a country lacking social capital and social trust in particular. In this context, membership in sport clubs, treated as a form of social involvement, is very desirable, as it expands the network of social cooperation. However, being a sport shooter is also associated with access to weapons, which is always controversial, even if Poland has low rates of access to firearms for citizens. The authors conducted research (CAWI, N = 253) on sport shooters in Poland. The results (opinions of sport shooters) are analyzed in three contexts: possession of a weapon and attitude towards a weapon (motivation to engage in sport shooting), sport shooting clubs (analysis of sport shooting organizations in Poland), and the image of a sport shooter (assessment of sport shooters’ image in Polish society). A basic problem that emerges from the empirical analysis is the heterogeneous interpretation of sport shooting by the shooters themselves. Shooting can be seen in terms of sport (an activity aimed at self-improvement and competition) as well as an activity with out-of-sport goals (patriotic, educational, and defensive). Different definitions of joint activity may lead to interpretative (of meaning) tensions and ultimately to conflicts within the examined category of people.
This article discusses the empirical data obtained from the study on the sport shooters in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship. The authors describe this sports discipline and the community of shooters in West Pomerania, including the procedures of acquiring sports qualifications, and the activity of the sports clubs and their associations. The discussed results include the socio-demographic characteristics of a sport shooter, the sports events, the expenditures incurred for sports, and motivation to go in for sports. The authors consider the activity of the sport shooters in the context of repeatedly diagnosed unsatisfactory condition of the civic society, and the discussion, recurring in the public sphere, on the access to firearms.
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