Remote work has been of interest to managers since the implementation of new information and communication technologies (ICTs). During the initial period, it was treated as an employee’s privilege or even a luxury and as such it was not a popular practice. The COVID-19 pandemic and the intervening period have changed attitudes toward remote work, as it became a necessity for many organisations. However, in connection with its use, many new, previously unknown problems have arisen, such as: the organisation of remote work, the supervision and monitoring of work performance, and employee support. The present research was conducted using a standardised questionnaire computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) method in May–June 2021 on a population of 248 enterprises, divided into micro, small, medium-sized and large entities. The research data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic which, on the one hand, provided an exceptional opportunity to fill in the theoretical gaps that were existing in this field; however, on the other hand, it could be burdened with certain flaws due to the context of the pandemic. An enterprise’s attitude to remote work has a positive influence on the efficiency of the remote work, the control of the remote work and the remote work support, with the strongest impact exerted on the last of the factors mentioned. A better attitude to remote work influences, to the largest degree, an enterprise’s support for performing work from remote locations outside of corporate offices. Among the enterprises that were surveyed, the following were most frequently indicated as elements of such support: additional office equipment provided to an employee, remote work training, and the installation of additional computer programs. Financial support was declared by about 11% of the enterprises and it usually took the form of a remote work allowance or funds to cover the costs of purchasing equipment or paying for the Internet.

Objectives. The aim of the study is to determine the scale of interregional migrating patients' hospitalizations in Poland in 2013-2017, as well as their demographic and medical factors, total costs and time changes. Materials and method. Data from the NHF (National Health Fund) regarding hospitalizations in a given province of patients registered in another province in Poland in 2013-2017 were statistically analyzed. Times series analyses as well as coefficients of correlation, determination and variation were used. Results. The number of patients hospitalized outside their regional registration and the cost of their hospitalization increased from year-to-year during 2013-2017. There was a large variation in provinces in terms of inflow of patients and costs of their hospitalization, while there was only a small variation in terms of outflow of patients and costs of their hospitalization in the analyzed years. Among the patients hospitalized outside the province where they were registered, there were more women then men, while the age group was dominated by 60-year-olds and their share in the subsequent years increased, while the share of other age groups remained unchanged or decreased. The most and increasingly more from year-to-year hospitalizations outside the regional registration were due to neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system. Conclusions. The results of the study may significantly contribute to the proper planning of securing the health needs of the inhabitants of particular regions, and to improving the quality and economic efficiency of health services in individual NHF branches.

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Streszczenie: Celem badań jest określenie istoty kosztów pośrednich i czynników ich kształtujących na przykładzie szpitala publicznego. Koszty pośrednie stanowią znaczącą pozycję w strukturach kosztów poniesionych na ochronę zdrowia i dotyczących działalności szpitali publicznych. Są złożoną kategorią, problematyczną w pomiarze, rozliczaniu, kalkulacji i analizie, na którą składają się m.in. finansowe efekty nieprawidłowości w realizacji działalności medycznej i niemedycznej -koszty niezgodności. Wśród elementów kształtujących poziom kosztów pośrednich należy wskazać czynniki o charakterze ekonomicznym i pozaekonomicznym.Słowa kluczowe: koszty pośrednie, koszty niezgodności, szpital publiczny

Errors in medical and administrative activities in public hospitals, along with the analysis of the sources of such errors, support the implementation of organisational innovation. The objective of this article is to compare the answers of hospital managerial staff and nursing staff with regard to identifying the reasons for the occurrence of errors as well as the improvements made in medical and non-medical activity. Empirical research seeks to provide insight on the perception of sources of errors in medical and administrative activities and the types of organisational improvements. The questionnaire was addressed to public hospital directors and nurses employed in healthcare institutions over the period of 2017-2018. It provides empirical evidence of slight differences in identification of the error sources from the hospital directors' and nurses' perspectives. The study demonstrates a connection between error occurrence and the implementation of organisational innovations and points to the factors which may facilitate the implementation process of organisational innovations. Last but not least, the findings suggest that it is essential to take into consideration the views of the staff employed by an organisation, in this case-the nurses' opinions.