Episiotomy belongs to the most frequent procedures carried out during delivery. Performing episiotomy should be reduced as there is scientific evidence indicating that it can cause pain, sexual problems, and serious, long-term health consequences. The aim of the researchers is to identify factors associated with episiotomy and the perineal tear. Analyses were performed using a model of a logistic regression. The study involved 4493 women. The episiotomy risk was related to: a birth weight exceeding 3500 grams, an instrumental delivery by means of forceps or vacuum extraction. The decrease of episiotomy rate increased the rate of perineal tear of first and second degree. The study has shown that episiotomy protects women from third- and fourth-degree perineal tear.
Background Breastfeeding with mother’s milk is the best form of nutrition not only for newborn babies, but especially for premature babies, due to the health benefits of taking human food. Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the basic composition, cortisol concentration and antioxidant status of breast milk samples from women giving birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy and comparing it with milk samples from women giving birth after 37 weeks of pregnancy. Methods The material for the study was milk taken from women giving birth before and after 37 weeks of pregnancy. The basic composition of breast milk was determined using a MIRIS analyzer, cortisol concentration in samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test and their total antioxidant status was assessed by DPPH and FRAP methods. Results It has been shown that the concentration of cortisol in samples of human milk in the group of women giving birth before 37 weeks was 13.95 ng / ml [4,71–86,84], while in the group of women giving birth after week 37 of pregnancy—10.31 ng / ml [2.35-39-02] (p = 0.014), while% inhibition of DPPH was 65.46% and 58.30%, respectively (p = 0.014). Conclusions Milk from women giving birth prematurely is qualitatively different from the milk of women giving birth on time. The total antioxidant status of preterm milk is higher than term milk, which promotes the development of premature babies. Higher cortisol levels in samples from women giving birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy may stimulate the digestive system.
Introduction andObjective. Scientific studies report that the risk of symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) can significantly reduce breastfeeding time. It has not yet been shown whether there is a difference in cortisol levels in breast milk and serum cortisol levels in women at risk of PPD but without symptoms. The aim of the study was assessment of the levels of cortisol in breast milk and levels of serum cortisol in women at risk of PPD four weeks after birth. Materials and method. The study included 75 women who were recruited at a University Hospital and via social media. The proper study was conducted in the fourth week after delivery. The research tool used was The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Assessment of cortisol levels in breast milk was performed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay CORTISOL saliva ELISA DiaMetra. Blood analysis was conducted in an ALAB Laboratory, one of a nationwide network of specialis laboratories. Results. The prevalence of the risk of PPD symptoms in the study sample was estimated at 28% in EPDS. The risk of PPD symptoms does not differentiate between cortisol levels in breast milk and serum cortisol levels (p>0.05). A correlation was shown between the level of cortisol in breast milk and in the blood serum of the study sample (p<0.03). Conclusions. The study indicates that the risk of PPD symptoms does not differentiate between serum cortisol levels and cortisol levels in breast milk. The level of cortisol in breast milk reflects the level of cortisol in the blood serum of the subjects.
Introduction and objective. The sense of coherence plays an important role in the acceptance of illness. The aim of the study was to assess the level of the sense of coherence and its relationship with the acceptance of illness, and to determine whether there are factors which differentiate the sense of coherence and its individual components. Materials and method. 120 women treated for breast cancer were included in the study. The research project was conducted by means of questionnaires, Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOC-29) and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS). The study was approved by the Director of the Professor F. Łukaszczyk Oncology Centre and the Bioethics Committee (KB 320/2017). The research project was conducted from May 2017-April 2018. Results. The global level of the sense of coherence in the study sample was at an average level. The average value of the acceptance of illness rate was 26.84 and implied average adaptation to the limitations imposed by an illness. A relationship was found between the level of the sense of coherence and its components, and the degree of the acceptance of illness (p <0.00001). The methods of treating breast cancer did not determine the level of the sense of coherence and the level of the acceptance of illness (p> 0.05). The experienced mastectomy did not determine the level of coherence and its components (p> 0.05). A higher level of the acceptance of illness was found in women who had not undergone mastectomy (p = 0.00007). Conclusions: The study sample presented an average level of the sense of coherence and the acceptance of illness. The sense of coherence significantly correlated with the degree of the acceptance of illness. Women who had not undergone mastectomy presented a significantly higher level of the acceptance of illness.
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