Semi-wild large herbivores have been present in the Latvian landscape now for just on 20 years. Nevertheless, the available information about the already implemented introduction projects is scattered and fragmentary. The aim of this paper is to outline and discuss the landscape of semi-wild animal grazing projects in the specially protected nature territories (SPNT) throughout Latvia, focusing on the project implementation contexts, locational factors and current management issues. The results of this study show that grazing areas of semi-wild herbivores are located mainly in nature parks and nature reserves. The typical location for the establishment of a grazing site is a former agricultural land area that has been abandoned by its previous users due to unsuitable conditions for profitable agricultural activity and which is located close to a natural waterbody. The main goal for all of the analyzed introduction projects was the restoration and protection of open landscape and grassland habitats. According to the research results, at APPRECIATING GEOGRAPHY: LOCAL AND GLOBAL SCALE 61 present, the main problem regarding grazing sites of semi-wild large herbivores, is the existing policy framework. This study raises many questions about the future of semi-wild herbivores in Latvia and these should be addressed in further in-depth studies.
Introduction: Micromelanoma, also called a small-sized melanoma, in the scientific literature is commonly defined as a skin melanoma with a diameter of 3 mm or less, although definitions of 5 mm or less can also be found. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and dermatoscopic features that characterize skin micromelanomas. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out by searching relevant articles using keyword “micromelanoma” in the following electronic databases – PubMed, Wiley, Scopus, Web of science, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. The search was performed in the period from January 20th, 2022, to January 31st, 2022. The search had a limit of English language. Results: According to the published literature, micromelanomas are most often diagnosed in women, since in reviewed studies 43 – 81.8% of patients were women. People diagnosed with micromelanoma are mostly in the age group of 40 to 59 years. Clinically micromelanomas are most frequently seen as dark or light brown macules in diameter of 3 – 4 mm located on the lower extremities and as lesions that had developed de novo. The most common diagnostic methods used for micromelanoma diagnostics are physical skin examination and dermatoscopy – polarized light and nonpolarized light. The most widely used diagnostic dermatoscopic algorithm is the 7 – point checklist. Diagnostic accuracy shown for dermatoscopic algorithms is in the range of 48.2 – 65.9%, showing that not all micromelanomas can be diagnosed with diagnostic dermatoscopic algorithms and other characteristics must be considered. The dermatoscopic pattern for micromelanomas is variable – spitzoid, globular, reticular, and structureless, of which spitzoid is the most common. The most common melanoma-specific dermatoscopic signs seen in micromelanomas are irregular dots/globules (25.0 – 88.4% of micromelanomas), atypical network (40.0 – 77.0% of micromelanomas), atypical blotches (16.6 – 38.4% of micromelanomas), and pseudopods (3.4 – 46.0% of micromelanomas). Less frequently other melanoma specific dermatoscopic features – regression, blue – white veil and asymmetric multicomponent dermatoscopic pattern can be observed. Micromelanomas often present asymmetry in structure and color and frequently have two colors dermatoscopically. Micromelanomas rarer than larger melanomas have atypical vessels – dotted, linear, or polymorphous (3.8 – 32.0% of micromelanomas). Conclusions: Micromelanoma can develop in people of any age and gender, but most commonly it develops after the age of 40 and in women. Micromelanoma develops mainly as a de novo lesion on the lower extremities and has a diameter of 1 to 5 mm at the time of presentation. Dermatoscopically, micromelanomas often have melanoma-specific dermatoscopic features, and therefore dermatoscopy aids in diagnosing micromelanoma.
Vilki Eiropā tikuši vajāti un intensīvi iznīcināti gadsimtiem ilgi. Nesaudzīgās izmedīšanas dēļ, lielākajā daļā Eiropas tie izmira jau 19. gadsimta beigās. Tomēr pēdējo desmitgažu laikā, pateicoties dabas aizsardzības iniciatīvām un pārmaiņām zemes lietojuma veidos, vilku skaits Eiropā ir ievērojami pieaudzis. Šobrīd kontinentālajā Eiropā (neskaitot Krieviju un Baltkrieviju) mitinās aptuveni 17 000 vilku. Tas ir lielākais skaits vairāku gadsimtu laikā. Arī Latvijā šobrīd ir lielākā vilku populācija kopš 20. gadsimta sākuma (aptuveni 1200 indivīdi). Vilku atgriešanās Eiropā ir liela uzvara dabas aizsardzības nozarei, taču tai pat laikā process ir saasinājis cilvēku-vilku attiecības un raisījis diskusijas par to vietu mūsdienu Eiropā. Viedokļi par vilku aizsardzību dalās gan iesaistīto pušu, gan plašākas sabiedrības vidū. Daļa uzskata, ka vilki ir būtiska, saudzējama dabas sastāvdaļa, ar kuru mums, cilvēkiem jāiemācās līdzāspastāvēt, savukārt daļa – ka vilkiem ir vieta tikai dabas rezervātos, kur tie nevar radīt kaitējumu cilvēku interesēm. Pretrunīgo attieksmju dēļ vilku aizsardzības īstenošana Latvijā un citviet Eiropā ir sarežģīta. Lai nodrošinātu veiksmīgu vilku pastāvēšanas nākotni, zināšanas par attieksmi pret vilkiem ir vitāli svarīgas. Šī pētījuma mērķis ir analizēt cilvēku-vilku attiecības Latvijā no vides humanitāro zinātņu perspektīvas, apskatot dominējošos diskursus par vilkiem populārākajos Latvijas digitālajos ziņu medijos. Pētījumi ir pierādījuši, ka ziņu medijiem ir būtiska loma sabiedrības viedokļa par dabas aizsardzību veidošanā. Šī iemesla dēļ tajos atrodamie diskursi var ietekmēt plašākas sabiedrības attieksmi. Analizējot 2003. - 2019. gadā publicētos rakstus, secināts, ka medijos dominē divi diskursi: (1) vilks kā drauds un (2) vilks kā aizsargājama suga. Pirmā diskursa galvenie veidotāji ir mednieki (reizēm arī lauksaimnieki), kuri vēlas panākt atļautā medību apjoma palielināšanu, pamatojot savu vēlmi ar riskiem, ko rada vilki. Otrā diskursa veidotāji ir dabas aizsardzības nozares pārstāvji, kas strādā ar sugas apsaimniekošanu saistītās iestādēs un argumentē nepieciešamību sugu sargāt, pamatojoties uz to ekoloģisko lomu. Atslēgvārdi: vilki, lielie plēsēji, dabas aizsardzība, cilvēku-vilku mijattiecības, diskursu analīze
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