SUMMARYRedundant data transfers over the Web, can be mainly attributed to the repeated transfers of unchanged data. Web caches and Web proxies are some of the solutions that have been proposed, to deal with the issue of redundant data transfers. In this paper we focus on the efficient estimation and reduction of redundant data transfers over the Web. We first prove that a vast amount of redundant data is transferred in Web pages that are considered to carry fresh data. We show this by following an approach based on Web page fragmentation and manipulation. Web pages are broken down to fragments, based on specific criteria. We then deal with these fragments as independent constructors of the Web page and study their change patterns independently and in the context of the whole Web page. After the fragmentation process, we propose solutions for dealing with redundant data transfers. This paper has been based on our previous work on 'Web Components' but also on related work by other researchers. It utilises a proxy based, client/ server architecture, and imposes changes to the algorithms executed on the Proxy server and on clients. We show that our proposed solution can considerably reduce the amount of redundant data transferred on the Web.
A crucial question that has arisen is whether the involvement of Web users can be extended to the funding of news organizations aimed at their financial independence from traditional funding practices. The evolution of multimodal media websites, the media crisis and the growing dissatisfaction of the citizens, create the conditions for online journalism to work with citizens, and through emerging journalistic practices such as crowdsourcing. This concept is a form of collective online activity in which a person or a group of people volunteer to engage in work that always involves mutual benefit to both sides. The main research question of this paper concerns the analysis of the current situation regarding crowdfunding and the adoption of best practices on the technological features, services, and tools used by websites around the world. Very few media have tried to apply even nowadays, the proposed model of journalism, which this study is going to research. The results of the study shape new perspectives and practices for participation, journalism, and democracy.
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