Our study has shown limited value of scoring systems for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The systems may improve diagnostic accuracy as they require obtaining a more detailed medical history, and making a more thorough and organized data analysis. However, the scoring systems should be treated only as an aid to diagnosis.
National airlines operate in a highly competitive environment. EU airlines face a challenge to compete with low cost carriers, as a result of the liberalization process in the sector. European flag airlines of non-EU member states, not benefiting from liberalization, are forced to compete internationally. This research is focused on national carriers, as they provide the majority of service to and from central and regional airports. Therefore, to establish the most efficient entities on the passenger air transport market, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) methodology, has been utilized. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of 29 chosen national airlines in Europe in the year 2013, using the DEA approach, to pinpoint the subset of fully-efficient market leaders, as well as potential sources of inefficiency, among less effective carriers. The analysis incorporates information on inputs (e.g. fleet, number of employees, number of countries and airports served) and outputs (revenue, annual passengers carried, load factor). The results show that more than 40% (12 of 29) researched airlines are effective and the other 34% are near-efficient. Moreover, outcomes suggest that "going big" may not increase effectiveness. It is harder to achieve full efficiency for big carriers than small ones.
Introduction: The perforation of gloves during surgical procedures is quite common. A cheap and quite effective method to reduce the risk of blood-borne infections is to wear two pairs of gloves. Unfortunately, some of surgeons display aversion to it, reporting decreased dexterity and sensation. The aim of the study was evaluate surgeons’ practice of double-gloving determine the factors that relate to compliance. Material and methods: An anonymous, 21-question survey in Polish was sent by post to 41 surgical departments. The questions concerned: demographic data, type of surgical gloves used, allergy to latex, number of surgeries performed, frequency of using double gloves and negative impressions from using them and finally frequency of needlestick injuries during surgical procedures. Results: We received back 179 questionnaires. More than 62% of the surgeons believe that double gloves provide better protection than a single pair, 24% do not believe this, and 14% do not have an opinion. Only 0.6% of respondents always use double gloves during surgery, 19% do so in at least 25% of cases and 68% do occasionally. 13% of the surgeons declared that they never wear double-gloves. During high-risk procedures, 86% of respondents wear double gloves. About half of responders (50.3%) report discomfort while wearing double gloves; 45% – decreased dexterity; about 30% complain of numbness and tingling; and 64% – decreased sensation. Conclusions: Due to the high number of surgical glove perforations and relatively high prevalence of needlestick injuries, it is necessary to use methods that reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens. The habit of using a double pair of gloves should be implemented especially among young surgeons starting their specializations. Consequently, the period of initial discomfort will be combined with the acquisition of surgical skills and that will allow for gradual acclimatization.
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