One of the most preventable cancers in women is cervical cancer. Pap smear test is an effective screening program; however, it is not conducted very frequently. The aim of this study is explaining the determinants affecting women’s participation in the Pap smear test based on precaution adoption process model with a qualitative approach. This study was a qualitative approach using a Directed Content Analysis methodology which was conducted in 2014. Participants were 30 rural women who participated in this study voluntarily in sarvabad, Iran. Purposive sampling was initiated and continued until data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were the primary method of data collection. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and continuous comparisons. Women`s information and awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear is insufficient and most of them believed that they were not at risk; however, they perceived the severity of the disease. Some of them had no adequate understanding of the test benefits. They pointed to the lack of time, financial difficulties, fear of test result and lack of awareness as the main barriers against the Pap smear test; however, they did not say that they were not willing to do the test. Findings could help health policy makers to find the right area and purpose to facilitate the participation of women in the Pap smear test.

To describe brucellosis infectious as a zoonotic disease, which is caused by Brucella spp. Brucellosis is considered to be a major health and economic challenge in developing countries, including Iran. This study focuses on epidemiology human's and animal's brucellosis and disease control strategies. Test-and-slaughter technique and extensive livestock vaccination programs are used for eradication of brucellosis. Test-and-slaughter is a general policy in Middle Eastern countries to eradicate the disease. Under this program, the Rose Bengal plate test is used as a screening measure to identify the infected herd, whereas the complement fixation test is applied as a confirmatory test. The prevalence of bovine brucellosis in 2015-2016 ranged between 7.2 and 18.1% in Kuwait and Jordan and ranged between 3 and 3.1% in Iraq and Iran in 2012-2014. Prevalence of goat brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) was 3.5% in Iran in 2014. Test-and-slaughter is used in most of the countries where the prevalence rate of the disease does not exceed 2%. Since 1963, testing the vaccine efficacy in goats and sheep has proven that vaccination can decrease the epidemic rate of the disease from 45 to 1.8%. This study indicated the test-and-slaughter technique alone has not proven successful in the eradication of brucellosis in Iran, and animal vaccination is essential to the control and eradication of animal and human brucellosis.

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Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in females. Pap smear test is an effective screening program; however, it is not conducted very frequently. The purpose of this article was to present findings on the effect of health belief model education on women's participation in Pap smear examination. Methods: The study included a convenience sample of asymptomatic females aged 20 years and older, who were living in Sarvabad. Overall, 180 subjects were selected and randomly divided to experimental (n = 90) and control (n = 90) groups. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and items of the Health Belief Model were self-reported. Data analysis included descriptive statistics for demographic variables, and Manwitny test and Chi-square determined the associations of other variables. Results: Our findings showed that the mean scores of the intervention group and the control group based on the Mann-Whitney test in perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy had a significant relationship. However, the severity had no significant relationship.Furthermore, 64.5% of people in the intervention group had pap test. Rate of doing a Pap test in the intervention group was 2.5 times that of the control. Conclusions: Findings showed that targeted training and education models influence participation of women in the Pap smear test.

Background and objective: Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women. Although Pap smear test is an effective screening program, it is not conducted very frequently. This study aimed to recognize the determinants affecting women's participation in Pap smear test screening, with a qualitative approach, based on the health belief model (HBM). Materials and methods:This was a qualitative research, based on thematic analysis, conducted in 2015. Participants were 30 rural women who participated in this study voluntarily in Sarvabad County in Kurdestan Province in Iran. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants and sampling continued until data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Based on participants' perception, more of the women believed that they were not at risk for cervical cancer; however, they perceived the severity of the disease. Some of them did not have an adequate understanding of the test benefits. They pointed to financial difficulties, fear of test result and lack of awareness are the main barriers in taking Pap smear test. Conclusion: Several factors affect women's participation in screening and Pap smear test. These factors include the components of social, economic, cultural, attitudes, individual beliefs, lack of awareness, fear, etc. Findings of this study could help health administers and planners in designing and implementing interventional programs such as theory-based educational programs, face-toface educational classes, expert advice and speech of clergy people and influential community people to increase women's participation in Pap smear test screening program.