The present study was conducted to investigate the incidence of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases in cattle that were sick and brought to veterinary hospitals for treatment. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum and examined by direct smear method and helminths identified by the presence of characteristic eggs in the feces. This study was carried out with three age groups: calves (<1 year), young (1-3 years), and adult (>3 years) and three different consecutive seasons (winter, summer, and rainy) during the periods of January 2018 to December 2018. The highest incidence was found in infestation with Fasciola spp. (43.63%) followed by Toxocara spp. (35.75%) and Haemonchus spp. (7.87 %). The rainy season showed the highest degree of parasitic occurrence (45.55%) compared to summer (32.12%) and winter (22.42%) seasons. A higher incidence of Fasciola spp. (46.66%) was found in the rainy season whereas Toxocara spp. (45.94%) in winter and Haemonchus spp. (15.09%) in summer. The percentages of Fasciola spp. (57.14%) infection was more in adult cattle while Toxocara spp. (68.88%) were predominant in calves. A higher percentage of infection was recorded in females than in males. The results of the study provide an epidemiological forecast in the distribution of gastrointestinal parasitism in different age groups of cattle and seasonal variation of occurrence which can assist the clinicians for the diagnosis of such parasitic infections and necessary steps for prevention and control measures against them.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of man and animal. In this study intradermal tuberculin test, necropsy, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing techniques were used to diagnose specific cause of TB in dairy cattle of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Intradermal tuberculin tests were carried out on randomly selected 100 dairy cattle. Tuberculin test positive cattle (N=05) were examined at necropsy and granulomas in lungs was seen in three cattle. Caseous necrosis and swelling of lymphnodes was seen in prescapular (N=01) and mesenteric (N=02) lymphnodes. In a case nodular lesion was seen in lungs and mesenteric lymphnodes. Portion of infected lungs and lymphnodes were snap frozen, extracted genomic DNA and PCR protocols was adapted targeting MPB83 gene. Result of PCR showed amplification of 600bp fragments in five cases. The MPB83 gene although specific for M. Bovis, the gene is less abundantly expressed by M. tuberculosis. To differentiate infectivity due to M. Bovis and M. Tuberculosis, two more PCR were adapted targeting pncA and oxyR genes. Out of five cattle tested in PCR all samples generated pncA specific 185bp and oxyR gene specific 270bp amplicons. The sequencing of MPB83, pncA and oxyR genes were carried out. Results of sequencing did not show mutation in MPB83 gene. Sequencing of pncA gene showed replacement of nucleic acid base (guanine to cytosin) in position 169 in cattle no. 5. Similarly, sequence analysis of oxyR gene (n=05) showed replacement of nucleic acid base (adenine to guanine) in position 285 in cattle no. 5. The cattle no. 5 was confirmedly infected with M. Tuberculosis and rest of the cattle were infected with M. Bovis. The tuberculin tests, necropsy, histopathology and PCR amplification of MPB83 gene may not contribute species specific detection of Mycobacterial infectivity in cattle. Sequencing and sequence analysis of pncA and oxyR genes found to differentiate infectivity in cattle due to M. Bovis and M. Tuberculosis. Both of the bacterial species are extremely zoonotic and dairy cattle of Bangladesh Agricultural University were infected with both M. Bovis and M. Tuberculosis. It needs to tests all the dairy cattle twice in a year with tuberculin tests and dispose test reactors in order to minimize zoonotic risk.
Drought has a deleterious impact on the growth, physiology, and yield of various plants, including soybean. Seaweed extracts are rich in various bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, and can be used as biostimulants for improving yield and alleviating the adverse effect of drought stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of soybean growth and yield with different concentrations (0.0%, 5.0%, and 10.0% v/v) of water extracts of the red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui under well-watered (80% of field capacity (FC) and drought (40% of FC)) conditions. Drought stress decreased soybean grain yield by 45.58% compared to well-watered circumstances but increased the water saturation deficit by 37.87%. It also decreased leaf water, chlorophyll content, plant height, and the fresh weight of the leaf, stem, and petiole. Drought stress decreased soybean grain yield by 45.58% compared to well-watered circumstances but increased the water saturation deficit by 37.87%. It also decreased leaf water, chlorophyll content, plant height, and the fresh weight of the leaf, stem, and petiole. Under both drought and well-watered situations, foliar application of seaweed extracts dramatically improved soybean growth and production. Under drought and well-watered situations, 10.0% seaweed extract increased grain yield by 54.87% and 23.97%, respectively in comparison to untreated plants. The results of this study suggest that red seaweed extracts from Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui may be used as a biostimulant to improve soybean yield and drought tolerance in the presence of insufficient water. However, the actual mechanisms behind these improvements need to be further investigated in field conditions.
Marek's disease (MD) is a lymph proliferative disease of chickens, characterized by progressive emaciation, morbidity and mortality. The causative agent is a cell associated oncogenic alpha-herpes virus. This study investigated an outbreak of MD in a pullet farm (N=2200) of Ramu Upazilla, Cox's bazaar during May 2016 vaccinated against MD. The infectivity was reported on day 45 of age. Birds (N=10) submitted to diagnose disease at necropsy in the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University showed prominent keel bone, asymmetric progressive paralysis of one or both of the legs and wings. At necropsy, the skeletal muscle appeared thinner and there was enlargement of liver, spleen, kidney and sciatic nerve. Impression smears prepared from the liver showed huge infiltration of lymphocytes. Sections of heart, lungs, liver, kidney, nerve, skin and spleen were stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed wide spread infiltrations and accumulation of lymphocytes. Lymphocytic infiltration was seen in the skin, nerves and all visceral organs and showed combined infectivity due to visceral and classical forms. The etiology of MD was confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting fragment of Meq gene of very virulent plus or very virulent MDV1. Results of PCR showed amplification of 317bp fragment of Meq gene suggestive for infectivity due to MDV1GA (Md/5) strain. It requires isolating viruses in culture to test further for its virulence and pathotype in vivo. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Meq gene may unveil the pathotype of the virus involved.
Avian influenza (AI) caused by Type A influenza virus is a global zoonosis, infecting vast majority of mammalian and avian species. Broilers are meat type birds and randomly reared and sold by the farmers in Bangladesh with poor biosecurity. This study was aimed to identify the Type and subtypes of AI viruses in the broilers of two live bird markets, Mymensingh. A total of 10 birds from each of the market were randomly selected, investigated by clinical, pathological, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), sequencing and sequence analysis. Out of 20 birds investigated, 06 were sick, 02 were dead and 12 were apparently healthy. Clinically, the sick/dead birds did not reveal any changes typical to AI. During necropsy, the sick/dead birds showed congested lungs and moderate hemorrhages in the trachea. Such lesions was absent in the lungs of apparently healthy birds. Following histopathological examination interstitial pneumonia with bronchitis was seen in sick/dead birds. The RT-PCR protocol was adapted to identify matrix protein gene of Type A influenza virus and amplified 430bp fragment is even cases. To identify the sub types of AI viruses involved, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene specific RT-PCR was carried out. 1475bp and 1089bp amplicons specific to HA and NA genes of AI viruses were generated in 07 cases. The cDNAs of HA and NA genes were sequenced, edited and revealed that the AI virus circulated in the live bird market of Mymensingh city is H9N2 subtype. Two sick, one dead and four apparently healthy birds found to carry H9N2 AI virus. The H9N2 virus is naturally low pathogenic for poultry, has got public health significance, and may donate partial or even whole cassette of internal genes to generate novel human-lethal reassortants of AI viruses; this was main concern for AI viral outbreak investigation in this study. It needs to examine large number of samples from wider sources to trace the rate of mutation and subsequent reemergence of pandemic AI viruses.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 225-233, August 2018
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