Non communicable diseases (NCDs) affect the life of an individual in terms of mortality, morbidity and financial crises. Main NCDs are diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), pulmonary diseases, osteoporosis and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). About 40% of the total deaths can be controlled by eliminating the risk factors for NCDs. Periodontitis have recently been labeled as an important potential risk factor for NCDs. CKD affect the oral health status of patients by inducing gingival hyperplasia, xerostomia, calcification of root canals and delayed eruption of teeth. Periodontitis increases systemic inflammatory burden leading to worsening of CKD which in turn has been has been found to negatively affect CKD of patients on hemodialysis therapy by altering their serum albumin and C-reactive protein levels. As hypoalbuminemia leads to increased mortality in CKD patients, it needs to be avoided by reducing systemic inflammatory burden in patients receiving HD therapy. Treating periodontal disease could be one factor that might decrease the systemic inflammatory burden and thereby improve quality of life of these patients. Sources of Data: Data from descriptive, cross sectional and longitudinal studies published between 2000 and 2012 were included. Data searches based on human studies only. Data Extraction: The key words, periodontitis, chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis, on MEDLINE, approximately 120 studies were identified. 35 of them were relevant to all three keywords. Most of them were cross sectional studies and total 7 clinical trials were identified regarding checking of serum levels after periodontal therapy with variable results. Conclusion: Patients with CKD have higher prevalence of periodontal disease while non-surgical periodontal therapy has been indicated to decrease the systemic inflammatory burden in patients with CKD specially those undergoing HD therapy.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.6021 How to cite this:Ehsan A, Raza A. Roller Coaster Ride of Teaching Faculty under Pakistan Medical Commission. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):780-781. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.6021
Background and Aim: The Novel coronavirus disease has grasped the world as one of the most devastating pandemics of recent times. Many efforts such as social distancing was made to cut down the spread of the virus in its early days and restrictions were followed by numerous countries worldwide which resulted in serious hurdles in all sectors of our daily lives such as education, financial and social activities. This study was conducted to evaluate the implications of E-Learning and its future use by students and faculty members following the pandemic restrictions. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey that was distributed online among students and faculty members belonging to medical and non-medical programs across universities in major cities of Pakistan. Results: Of the total 476 responses, it was evident that the majority of the students were not satisfied with the learning experience that virtual classrooms provided. Concerning clinical and practical skills, a majority agreed that the online teaching method is not an effective way to develop essential skills. Conclusion: Online education may be a necessary technological advancement needed in the field of education, but as concluded from the results of this study there is a disagreement about virtual classrooms being an effective medium of learning. It is also inconvenient to develop appropriate practical and clinical skills using E-learning as a medium.
Objective: Stress is a feeling of mental pressure and tension which leads to parafunctional habits increasing the risk ofdeveloping temporomandibular disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between parafunctionalhabits as well as stress in undergraduate medical and dental students.Study Design And Setting: This cross-sectional study was carried out from April 01, 2020, to October 31, 2021, amongstthe students of different medical and dental colleges, both in the private and public sectors in Punjab, Sindh, and the Federalareas in Pakistan.Methodology: The study comprised 466 students between 18 to 25 years. A self-compiled and validated questionnaire wasshared with students belonging to various years of different medical and dental colleges. Response from all the forms wasanalyzed using SPSS Version 20 and the relationship between stress and parafunctional habits was assessed.Results: Results indicated that the stress of studies was the most common stress among students (75.1%, n = 350) whilethe most common parafunctional habit was lip biting (30%, n = 140). The association between different types of stressesand parafunctional habits was seen to be significantly related to one another.Conclusion: A significant relationship between parafunctional habits and stress was seen in undergraduate medical anddental students.
Objective: To evaluate the expression of Mucin-4 amongst separate histological categories of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Study Design: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: It was carried out from July 01, 2021, to December 31, 2021, at the Department of Oral Pathology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: The study comprised fifty cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma randomly taken from the archives of Sheikh Zayed Hospital and Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore as per the selection criteria agreed upon. The association of mucin-4 expression with different histological grades (based on the Anneroth grading system) was analyzed in this study. Data were entered into SPSS 20 for statistical analysis. Age was represented as mean ± standard deviation while gender distribution and tumor grades were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Out of a total of fifty retrieved samples, thirty were analyzed (twenty were excluded based on the exclusion criteria). Of these thirty samples, 16 (53.3%) were male and 14 (46.6%) were female. Consistent with the Anneroth grading method, grade I comprised 11 (36%), grade II comprised 13 (43.3%), and grade III comprised six cases (20%) respectively. Overall positive expression of Mucin-4 was found to be 73% and a significant relation was found to exist between the intensity score and the total score of MUC-4 with Anneroth grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with a decrease in expression and an intensification in tumor grade. Conclusion: A decrease in the expression of Mucin-4 was noted with an increase in the tumor grade when the expression of Mucin-4 was evaluated amongst separate histological categories of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.
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