This review covers several basic methodologies of surface treatment and their effects on titanium (Ti) implants. The importance of each treatment and its effects will be discussed in detail in order to compare their effectiveness in promoting osseointegration. Published literature for the last 18 years was selected with the use of keywords like titanium dental implant, surface roughness, coating, and osseointegration. Significant surface roughness played an important role in providing effective surface for bone implant contact, cell proliferation, and removal torque, despite having good mechanical properties. Overall, published studies indicated that an acid etched surface-modified and a coating application on commercial pure titanium implant was most preferable in producing the good surface roughness. Thus, a combination of a good surface roughness and mechanical properties of titanium could lead to successful dental implants.

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Various roughness and surface topography of titanium coated ceramic material have been developed and used in clinical trials especially in a medical implant. The present work aimed to investigate the phase and microstructural of the yttria stabilized zirconia (YZP) coating reinforced titania (TiO2) and its effects on wettability for dental implant application. Plasma spray technique was used to prepare the pure YZP and YZP-30 wt.% TiO2 coatings. The titanium alloys coated with YZP/TiO2 were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, roughness measurements, and contact angle analysis. The SEM analysis demonstrated a distinguished lamellae structure of YZP and TiO2 in the coating. Instead of low wettability, the YZP-30 wt.% TiO2 ceramic coating demonstrated high porosity and  surface roughness (7.97±0.4 µm) than the pure YZP coating (7.06±0.9 µm) that is beneficial for cell growth and attachment.

Many studies were carried out to investigate the ability of titanium alloys for dental implant. Surface treatment is one of the famous methods to increase the titanium surface properties. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of acid etching on the surface topography and roughness of titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V ASTM 1472-99). Acid etchings were carried out by using different type of acids with same time exposures. All etched surface were characterized by using an X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a roughness tester. Acid etched and pure surface were comparatively analysed. Results obtained show that the type of acids influenced the surface topography as well as roughness properties. The microstructure of the surface is highly modified after acid etching. Further we can confirm that, the experimental etched titanium alloys had features of a roughened surface with micro-roughness. In general, the experimental surface (0.137 μm – 3.986 μm) was significantly rougher than control surface (0.124 μm).