Thirty-four species of 18 genera of hermatypic corals and three species of ahermatypic corals occur at the Solitary Islands which lie between 2 and 11 km from the east Australian coastline between 30�01' and 30�14' S. latitude. The appearance and occurrence of each species is described and their inter-island distribution discussed. Transect data from South-west Solitary Island show that dominant species (Goniastrea australensis, cf. Plesiastrea versipora, Favites abdita, Favites halicora, Cyphastrea serailia, Turbinaria danae, Goniopora lobata, Pocillopora danicornis and Acropora hyacinthus) form a 100% cover of the ocean floor in some localities, whereas in others they form a variety of associations with the ascidians, sponges and algae characteristic of equivalent mainland localities. These findings are compared with previously reported distributions of temperate Australian hermatypic corals and are discussed in the light of recent data on the ocean temperature around the Solitary Islands.
SummaryThe effects of removal of the left metathoracic leg of BlatteUa germanica at the proximal autotomy plane, i.e. between trochanter and femur, are described from operations on animals at known ages in the first instar, at temperatures of 25 and 30°C, 70-80 per cent. R.H.Either a completely differentiated regenerate or an undifferentiated papilla, but never an intermediate, appears at the first moult after operation. Where a papilla is produced the complete regenerate appears at the second moult after operation. Ecdysis is not delayed by production of a papilla, but is delayed by production of . a complete regenerate. The interval between the operation and the first moult then approximates to the duration of the first instar of controls, being greater with operations very early in the instar and less with later ones.There is a "critical period" in the first instar, before which operation gives rise to a regenerate with delay in the first ecdysis, and after which it results in production of a papilla without delay in ecdysis. Delay in the first ecdysis resulting from regeneration appears to be compensated by a subsequent speeding up of the moulting cycle, the ages of operated animals at their fourth ecdysis being approximately the same as those of controls. Hypotheses are discussed relating these results to endocrine control of the interaction between regeneration and the moulting cycle. The possibility of using regenerating Blattella germanica in experimental work on moulting and metamorphosis is suggested.
SummaryAt 29°C, 70 per cent. relative humidity, simultaneous removal of both metathoracic legs at the proximal autotomy plane in first instar Blattella germanica results in the appearance at the first moult of either a symmetrical pair of differentiated regenerates or a symmetrical pair of undifferentiated papillae, but not of intermediate stages in differentiation. Papillae at the first moult are followed by differentiated regenerates at the second. Simultaneously produced regenerates are not distinguishable from those arising from unilateral operations.The first moult of simultaneously regenerating animals is not delayed when a pair of papillae is produced, but a delay somewhat greater than the age of the animal at operation is associated with appearance of a pair of regenerates at the first moult. The second moult of simultaneously regenerating animals producing papillae at the first is delayed by about one day. Comparison with unilaterally regenerating animals shows a slightly but significantly increased delay in moulting related to simultaneous regeneration. This is probably due to increased demands for metabolites in producing two regenerates, added to the disturbance of endocrine balance already postulated from experiments on unilateral regeneration.
SummaryAt 29°C, 70 per cent. relative humidity, removal of the left and right metathoracic legs in succession, at intervals of 1, 2, or 3 days, in first instar Blattella germanica of known age~, results in the appearance at the first moult of:(a) Two asymmetrical papillae, the timing of the moult being undisturbed; or (b) A regenerate on the left and a papilla on the right side, the time of moulting being determined by age at the first operation and independent of the second; or (c) Two asymmetrical regenerates, the time of moulting being then determined by age at the second operation and independent of the first. In (b) and (c) the rather constant size of regenerates from the first operation exceeds that of regenerates derived from either unilateral or simultaneous operations, while the smaller regenerates from the second operation in (c) show wide but erratic variation in size, not regularly related to the timing of the operations or the moult.In about 2 per cent. of the material, the second operation only gives rise to a structure intermediate between a papilla and a complete regenerate. Such rare exceptions to the "all or nothing" principle can appear only when ecdysis occurs during the exceedingly rapid process of differentiation of the blastema into a regenerated leg. This proceeds proximo distally in these individuals, in contrast to animals producing a regenerate and a papilla at their first moult, where the rapid differentiation of the blastema contained within the papilla and its coxa occurs, early in the second instar, in the opposite (i.e. distoproximal) direction.These results conform closely to predictions derived from the initial hypotheses put forward regarding the relationship between regeneration and the moulting cycle. New information on the regeneration process has also been obtained.
Single or successive regenerations of metathoraeie legs during the fifth instal' in Blattella ge1'lnanica L. at 20°C, 70 pel' cent. R.H., show the samo time relations with moulting as previously described for the firs!; instal', and do not affoct the duration of development, number of moults, or othor cllfwacteristics of tho resulting adults.
Two subfamilies of Gomphidae occur in Australia, the Ictinogomphinae and Gomphinae. All Australian ictinogomphines belong in the genus Ictinogomphus Cowley, with other species in Africa and Asia; the gomphines include two groups of smaller gomphids, the Hemigomphus group (Hemigomphus Selys and two undescribed genera) and the Austrogomphus group (Antipodogomphus Fraser, Austroepigomphus Fraser and Austrogomphus Selys). Structures in the male terminalia indicate that the Hemigomphus group is allied to the South and Central American genera Diaphlebia Selys, Neogomphus Selys, Perigomphus Belle and Zonophora Selys, and that the Austrogomphus group is allied to the Agriogomphus complex of genera, also from southern and central America, and, perhaps, to Lestinogomphus Martin from Africa.
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