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This paper proposes a lanthanum-doping and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin functionalization mechanism for TiO2 nanoparticles to increase the photocatalytic activity.

Photocatalysis and high adsorption coupling in a same nanoparticle have been emerged as a prominent class of cost-effective materials to degrade recalcitrant contaminants in wastewater. α-Hematite, metal-organic frameworks and TiO 2 nanocomposites have been investigated due to their features that overcome the other conventional photocatalysts and adsorbents to remove contaminants in aqueous medium. Several methods are applied to synthesize these nanostructures with different properties and physicochemical features and a brief review is shown to these well-established techniques to provide an understanding for the construction and application of these advanced materials.

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Interfacial diffusive exchanges are directly related to the diffusion coefficients. These coefficients may be obtained through experimental data or by using correlations, which should be selected according to the system conditions, such as temperature and pressure, and the chemical nature of the species in the mixture. In this work, the calculation of the diffusive rates in a two-phase flow composed by a multicomponent mixture of methane, n-pentane, n-hexane and noctane was carried out using the effective diffusivity model. The theoretical equation of Chapman-Enskog and the empirical correlations of Gilliland, Slattery-Bird, Fuller-Schettler-Giddings (FSG) and Huang et al. (HEA) were applied to estimate the diffusion coefficients in vapor phase. The Euler-Lagrange approach was adopted to model the two-phase flow using CFD techniques. The results showed that the correlations predicted the diffusion coefficients with similar precision for this mixture.