ResumoO objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a distribuição dos componentes do balanço de água e da reciclagem de precipitação na bacia amazônica, abordando os mecanismos físicos associados ao processo de reciclagem. De forma geral, a bacia amazônica se comporta como um sumidouro de umidade da atmosfera, recebendo vapor d'água tanto do transporte de origem oceânica quanto da evaportranspiração da floresta por meio do processo de reciclagem de precipitação. Em escala regional, a Amazônia representa uma importante fonte de umidade para outras regiões da América do Sul, contribuindo para o regime da precipitação em outras áreas do continente. Na média, a reciclagem de precipitação é da ordem de 20% na bacia amazônica, com valores variando entre 15% na porção norte e 40% na porção sul. Dessa forma, do total da precipitação na bacia, aproximadamente, 20% é decorrente do processo de evapotranspiração local; indicando que, a contribuição local para a precipitação total representa um percentual significativo no balanço de água regional e desempenha um importante papel no ciclo hidrológico amazônico. Entretanto, as variabilidades e mudanças no sistema climático devido tanto às variações naturais quanto antropogênicas (aumento na emissão de gases estufa e desflorestamento) podem afetar a reciclagem e o ciclo hdrológico regional. Palavras-chave: Amazônia, reciclagem de precipitação, transporte de umidade, interação biosfera-atmosfera, reanálises Era-Interim. Precipitation Recycling in the Amazon Basin: The Role of Moisture Transport and Surface Evapotranspiration AbstractThe objective of this study is to evaluate the distribution of water budget components and precipitation recycling in the Amazon basin addressing the physical mechanisms involved in the recycling process. In general, the Amazon basin acts as a sink for atmospheric moisture, receiving water vapor transported from the ocean and from precipitation recycled from evapotranspiration by the forest. At the regional scale, the Amazon basin is an important source of water vapor, contributing to precipitation in other remote locations of South America. Here we show, on average, 20% of precipitation in the Amazon basin is recycled, varying between 15% in the northern portion and 40% in the southern portion. Thus, approximately 20% of the total rainfall in the basin is derived from local evapotranspiration processes indicating that the local contribution to the total precipitation represents a significant contribution to the regional water budget and plays an important role in the Amazon hydrological cycle. However, the variability and changes in the climate system due to both natural and anthropogenic forcings (such as the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and changes in land use and land cover -deforestation) can affect the precipitation recycling and regional hydrologic cycle.
Nowadays, the Brazilian electric sector still has a vast complication in the generation of energy, It has been impacted by some changes that strongly influence this distribution in the energy sector. The economic load dispatch (ELD) comes to assist and supply the demand of the sector in front of some factors that directly interfere in the decentralization of this generation, in the independent production of the concessionaires and in the intensive use of alternative energy sources. The objective of the economic load dispatch (ELD) is to decide the power generated by eac h one of the motors of a thermal plant ensuring that the total cost of the fuel is minimum. At the same time is necessary to guarantee that the total demand and losses at any instant must be equal to the total generation or power supplied by the plant. This paper presents a mathematical model and its solution using the MATLAB optimization toolbox, specifically the genetic algorithms, to solve the ELD problem. In addition, a case study is presented for 10 generating units considering the power losses and the restrictions of the generators, and turning off the less efficient generators .
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