Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) occurring in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rather rare and carries a worse prognosis and greater disease severity compared with IBD alone. Although it is an infrequently documented association, progress over the last 20 years has led to better understanding of the association between AIP and IBD. IBD has a stronger association with type 2 than with type 1 AIP. Clinical and histologic features of AIP-IBD more often reveal features of type 2 AIP. Imaging is not helpful in facilitating the diagnosis of AIP and IBD. Similarly, attempts to identify a serological marker have not yielded better result. A proposed lymphocyte homing mechanism provides some insight into the mechanism of pathogenesis. This review represents an update of our current knowledge of the association between AIP and IBD.
The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) ranges from 4.9 to 73.4 cases per 100,000 worldwide. Patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis have an increased risk for developing AP compared with patients without renal disease. In addition to the general population risk factors, there are factors related to renal insufficiency and dialysis process that might predispose to AP in this population. Clinical features and diagnosis are the same as those in patients without renal failure; however, amylase and lipase levels should be interpreted cautiously as they might be falsely elevated in renal failure. In this article, we will describe the risk factors that are exclusive to this population. In addition, we will also focus on the laboratory indices and clinical features that are unique to this population with patients with end-stage renal disease.
Introduction:
Both breast and pancreatic cancers have high mortality rates. Breast cancer is
the second leading cause of cancer death in females,
while pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death. Almost 4-16 % of individuals with pancreatic cancer have a family history of the disease. Intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are cystic lesions that received more attention lately due to their associations with PDAC and other solid organ tumors, such as breast cancer.
Aim:
The purpose of this article is to discuss the association of the familiar pancreatic cancer (FPC), sporadic pancreatic cancer, and IPMNs with the breast cancer.
Results:
Mutations in
BRCA2, BRCA1, p16 and PALB2 play a major role in
the genetic etiologies of familial pancreatic cancer. In familial and sporadic pancreatic cancers, mutations in
BRCA2
are associated with a high incidence of PDAC, while mutations in BRCA1have shown inconsistent results.
Data is insufficient to prove an association between IPMNs and breast cancer.
Conclusion:
The familial clustering of PDAC is not well understood. Further studies are required for greater comprehension of the genetic basis of PDAC and the association between IPMNs and breast cancer.
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