The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) is one of the most popular instruments measuring math anxiety (MA). It has been validated across several linguistic and cultural contexts. In this study, we investigated the extent of administration method invariance of the AMAS by comparing results (average scores, reliabilities, factorial structure) obtained online with those from paper-and-pencil. We administered the online version of the AMAS to Polish students. Results indicate that psychometric properties of the AMAS do not differ between online and paper-and-pencil administration. Additionally, average scores of the AMAS did not differ considerably between administration forms, contrary to previous results showing that computerized measurement of MA leads to higher scores. Therefore, our results provide evidence for the usefulness of the AMAS as a reliable and valid MA measurement tool for online research and online screening purposes across cultures and also large similarity between administration forms outside an American-English linguistic and cultural context. Finally, we provide percentile and standard norms for the AMAS for adolescents and adults (in the latter case for both online and paper-and-pencil administration) as well as critical differences for the comparison of both subscales in an individual participant for practical diagnostic purposes.Keywords: math anxiety, Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale, online survey, validation, norms Journal of Numerical Cognition, 2017, Vol. 3(3), 667-693, doi:10.5964/jnc.v3i3.121 Received: 2017-03-02. Accepted: 2017-08-17. Published (VoR): 2018-01-30.*Corresponding author at: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Arbeitsbereich Diagnostik und Kognitive Neuropsychologie, Fachbereich Psychologie, Schleichstraße 4 72076 Tübingen, Germany. E-mail: krzysztof.cipora@gmail.com This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Math Underachievement -Its Causes and ConsequencesPoor numeracy may even be more harmful for an individual than poor literacy (Butterworth, Varma, & Laurillard, 2011). Considerable large-scale economic consequences of math underachievement have also been reported (OECD, 2010). Therefore, the cognitive and emotional causes of impaired numeracy are of major interest both theoretically and practically. Regarding emotional aspects, math anxiety (MA) is probably the most prominent and important variable that negatively correlates with math achievement. It has been extensively investigated since the 1960's (see Dowker, Sarkar, & Looi, 2016 for review). A sizeable negative relationship between MA and math performance is evident in previous PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) studies Journal of Numerical Cognition jnc.psychopen.eu | 2363-8761 across virtually all countries involved in th...
